Abstract
Sharks, skates, and rays (elasmobranchs) are cartilaginous fishes with large, specialized, and well-developed brains. They represent an ancient radiation of the jawed vertebrates and therefore are essential in assessing the ancestral vertebrate condition. The brain organization is very similar in all elasmobranchs apart from the existence of electric lobes in electric rays and the extent of the ventricular cavities. The pattern of brain organization is remarkably similar to that of other jawed vertebrates, but the existence of unique cerebellar-like structures, the highly specialized lateral line centers, provides an example of derived patterns, specific for this fish group.
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