Abstract
The physical examination is the foundation of the diagnostic workup in cattle. The physical exam begins with a distance exam where the animal is observed prior to restraint where parameters such as mental status, abdominal contour and lameness are best evaluated. With completion of the distance exam, the hands-on examination begins. It has been said that you miss more by not looking than by not knowing. For this reason, a systematic physical examination in which the examining veterinarian follows a standard pattern for every animal examined is to be followed.
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