Bovine Mastitis in Fiji: Economic Implications and Management—A Review

Mohammed Rasheed Igbal

doi:10.5539/jas.v13n10p162

Abstract

Mastitis is a devastating disease condition in the dairy industry throughout the world and is caused due to the inflammation of the mammary gland. The etiological agents causing mastitis varies from one place to another depending on the animal breed, climate, and husbandry practices. However, the etiological agents causing mastitis include an extensive variety of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria and fungi. Furthermore, the most common bacterial species responsible for causing mastitis include Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Streptococcus (Strep.) agalactiae, Strep. Uberis and various Gram-negative bacteria. This review highlights the type of bacteriological etiology causing intramammary infection (IMI) is an essential part of effective mastitis control, prevention, and treatment. It also discusses the diagnostic tests used to test for mastitis in Fiji include Somatic cell count, California Mastitis Test (CMT), and bacteriological culturing. The development of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technology along with the version of real-time and multiplex PCR has improved the sensitivity and rapidity of mastitis diagnosis. The subclinical and clinical forms of mastitis can be treated with early detection of the signs of mastitis infection. Moreover, it is also essential to create awareness to the farmers about the cost, knowledge about mastitis and the loss it can cause.

Highlights

According to Kandemiri et al (2013), mastitis is the inflammation of the mammary gland and all the components that make up the mammary tissues, as well as the connective tissue that surrounds it
This review provides a framework for the economic effects and the economic factors that relate to the management of bovine mastitis in Fiji
This review indicates that mastitis is a serious disease in cattle’s and the highest disease as well not just in Fiji and around the world

Summary

Introduction

According to Kandemiri et al (2013), mastitis is the inflammation of the mammary gland and all the components that make up the mammary tissues, as well as the connective tissue that surrounds it. Subclinical mastitis does not create visible changes in the milk or the structure of the udder whereas in clinical mastitis abnormality of the udder and/or secretion is observed. For sub-clinical mastitis, since there is rarely any noticeable change in the milk or the udder, the farmer usually remains unaware of the existence of subclinical form in their animals, which if left medically unattended, results in clinical and chronic forms (Kumari et al, 2020). Cows with both subclinical and clinical mastitis will produce less milk, and the quality of the milk is compromised. Cattle mammary gland is protected by specific immune and innate responses but abnormal physiological and environmental factors tend to compromise this defense mechanism of the mammary gland (Reshi et al, 2015)

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Conclusion