Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxin is the most potent poison known worldwide. Over the past two centuries, its structure and functions have been studied in detail, and obtained in its pure form. Knowledge of the mechanisms of action of botulinum neurotoxin has determined two directions of its possible use: negative, as a biological (toxin) weapon, and positive, as an agent that eliminates pathological muscle hypertonicity and neuropathic pain and can be used for aesthetic purposes (beauty injections).
 The lecture presents the chronological development of both directions and provides a detailed analysis of the various uses of botulinum neurotoxin as a medical and cosmetic treatment. Particular attention is paid to the side effects of botulinum therapy and ways to overcome them.
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