Abstract
Elemental doping is an effective approach to modify the local electronic structure of active sites. Herein, we tailored tin electrocatalysts with boron doping to tune and stabilize the valence state of Sn. The initial screening in the flow cell with 1 M KOH showed that the boron-doped Sn (Sn(B)) exhibited both higher formate production efficiency and rate than the pristine Sn particles in CO2 electroreduction. The optimal Sn(B) catalyst was translated to a solid-state electrolyzer incorporating solid electrolyte (either H+ or OH− solid conductor). The H+ solid conductor enabled direct production of formic acid, however, it sacrificed the anodic energy efficiency compared to formate production in the OH− solid conductor. H+ conductor cell produced a Faradic efficiency for formic acid of 88% with energy efficiency of 41% at cell voltage of 3.0 V and partial current density of 60.3 mA cm−2. Whereas, the Faradic efficiency of formate reached 87% at partial current density of 83 mA cm−2 and cell voltage of only 2.5 V at which the full-cell energy efficiency was attained 50% in the OH− conductor cell.
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