Abstract
The growing trend of electric vehicles (EVs) and building integrated photovoltaics (BIPVs) is a promising means to reduce related climate change issues. EV loads can be managed via an aggregator to maximize the usage of green energy produced by photovoltaic units (PV) through smart charging strategies that exploit controllable EV demand connected to BIPV. Previous works have focused on the EV charging coordination in a smart BIPV, although without an optimization that encourages EV charging with the energy produced by the PV units. This paper proposes an aggregation strategy that maximizes a green energy index (GEI) for the smart charging coordination of EVs, which takes advantage of periods with high PV availability to charge the EV batteries; moreover, a post-processing stage for the GEI provides EV owners with information about the percentage of charged energy, period by period, that comes from PV generation. The results for a case study with 510 EVs integrated with 17 smart BIPVs show that the strategy effectively optimizes the usage of the energy produced by the PV units to charge the EVs, contributes to reduce non-renewable energy consumption of the building sector, and satisfies the EV owners’ energy requirements for transportation.
Highlights
Important sectors in society, such as electricity, transportation, and building, have a high petroleum dependence, which makes them partially responsible for climate change issues [1]
In 2019, the electrical sector was responsible for 40% of total emissions of worldwide greenhouse gas emissions (GGE), while the transportation sector presented a significant part of the total GGE, [1], which has garnered significant attention in recent years
A new trend in which the photovoltaic technologies (PV) modules are installed into the building, known in the literature as building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV), has been receiving more attention during the last few years due to its low energy consumption and improvement of energy management in cities and communities [4]
Summary
Important sectors in society, such as electricity, transportation, and building, have a high petroleum dependence, which makes them partially responsible for climate change issues [1]. EV and BIPV systems can produce benefits for their inhabitants, EV owners, and the environment due to the possibility of reducing the electric consumption fueled by coal and gas in the context of smart cities; on the other hand, the future for buildings’ energy demand is expected to be mainly covered by local electricity generation [4] This integration of smart building and EVs could be exploited through charging in the workplace, which is an alternative for the promotion of EV adoption since the users of a commercial building can take advantage of the possibility of charging its EV batteries during work time; this can be crucial for the implementation of BIPVs and EVs. the local use of PV energy could be encouraged due to the high interest in reaching zero direct emissions and the possibility of reducing the energy requirements from the power grid (still highly dependent on fossil fuels), contributing to an increase in the usage of green energy by the community [10].
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