Bonelike Apatite Formation Induced on Zirconia Gel in a Simulated Body Fluid and Its Modified Solutions

Abstract

Formation of bonelike apatite on zirconia gel in a simulated body fluid (SBF) with ion concentrations almost equal to those in human blood plasma, in modified SBF solutions to have increased pH values, and modified SBF solutions to have increased concentrations of calcium and phosphate ions has been investigated. The zirconia gel forms apatite on its surface in SBF, indicating that Zr‐OH groups, abundant on the gel, act as effective apatite nucleation centers. Apatite formation is accelerated by increases in pH and in the concentration of calcium and phosphate ions, which is explained by an increase in the ionic activity product of the apatite in the SBF. These results suggest that zirconia ceramics may exhibit a bone‐bonding ability by forming an apatite layer on their surfaces in the living body when they are modified to have many Zr‐OH groups on their surfaces.