Abstract
Despite their demonstrated biocompatibility and osteogenic properties, oyster shells have been reported as a potential alternative to other commonly used materials for bone substitution. This study evaluated whether an experimental bone substitute (EBS) made from a typical oyster shell of Northeastern Brazil (Crassostrea rhizophora) has effects on bone development using an animal model. Oysters were collected from a biologically assisted vivarium, and their inner layer was used for preparing an EBS. Chemical and surface characterization of EBS was performed using Individually Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), respectively. Seventy-two rats were randomly assigned to groups according to the treatment of bone defects created in the submandibular area: Negative Control (-C), Positive Control (+C; Bio-Oss®) and EBS. Euthanasia occurred at 7, 21, 42 and 56 days postoperatively. The bone pieces were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). The formation of bone tissue was evaluated histologically and histomorphometrically. Data were analyzed through the Kruskal-Wallis test and ANOVA considering a significant level of 5%. The main element found in EBS was calcium (71.68%), and it presented heterogeneity in the particle size and a porosity aspect at SEM analysis. Histological results revealed the absence of inflammatory cells in all groups, being that EBS presented the most accelerated process of bone formation with a statistically significant difference between this group and the +C and -C groups in the 21-day time-point (p < 0.05). After 21 days, the bone formation process was similar between all groups (p > 0.05), showing an immature lamellar bone pattern after 56 days of experimentation (p > 0.05). Within the limitations of this study, it was possible to conclude that EBS presented good biocompatibility and promoted fast stimulation for bone-forming cells in an animal model.
Highlights
Implant rehabilitation in partially or totally edentulous patients has become a common practice with predictable long-term results [1,2,3]
Biodegradability and osteogenic properties, nacre from oyster shells has been reported as a potential alternative to other commonly used materials for bone substitution [12,21,22,23,24,25,26]
We investigated the potential of a typical oyster shell of Northeastern Brazil (C. rhizophora) as a bone substitute
Summary
Implant rehabilitation in partially or totally edentulous patients has become a common practice with predictable long-term results [1,2,3]. Edentulism provided by periodontal disease, trauma, malformations or neoplasms can lead to bone atrophies and insufficient bone quantity and/or quality for implant placement [4]. In these cases, ridge augmentation is required to correct the unfavorable bone volume, which can be accomplished with the use of bone grafts and bone-graft substitutes, used individually or combined [2,5,6,7]. Autogenous bone is considered to be the gold-standard among all bone-grafting material [7,8]. The harvesting procedures could be combined with associated patient morbidity and limitations to harvest reasonable volumes of bone at the time of grafting [10,11]
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