Abstract
The histological traces of bone remodeling are extremely clear and legible in all kinds of sections from fresh or fossil bone samples. The fundamental process of bone remodeling is the same in all cases and involves local populations of osteoclasts and osteoblasts that form an integrated functional unit called by H. M. Frost the basic multicellular unit (BMU). Morphologically and functionally, a Haversian BMU is a polarized structure displaying a roughly conical apical pole, the cutting cone, that houses 8–10 typical polynucleated osteoclasts. In general textbooks of histology, the osseous tissue is essentially described in reference to Haversian bone, a tissue made of closely packed secondary osteons. Trabecular remodeling in the metaphyseal and diaphyseal regions starts earlier than Haversian remodeling in compact cortices. One of the most innovative research fields in remodeling regulation relates to the contribution of the central and sympathetic nervous systems.
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