Bone regeneration processes with the use of biomaterials and molecular and cellular constituents for dental implants

Abstract

Introduction: When a dental element is lost in the posterior region of the maxilla, there is a natural reabsorption of the alveolar process and, at the same time, pneumatization of the maxillary sinus will occur. For this reason, the maxillary sinus floor elevation procedure should be performed, or short implants when possible. Often the focus is on the type of biomaterial to be used and the success and predictability of our results does not depend only on the biomaterial. It is also necessary to consider the type of defect to be treated, its morphology. The characteristics of the biomaterials to be used must be considered, as well as the characteristics of the bed and the bone defect for treatment. Objective: It was to carry out a concise systematic review of bone regeneration processes using biomaterials and the main molecular and cellular constituents for subsequent dental implantation. Methods: The present study followed by a systematic review model (PRISMA). The search strategy was performed in the PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science and Scopus, and Google Scholar databases. The Cochrane Instrument was used to assess the risk of bias of the included studies. Results and Conclusion: 152 articles involving implantology and biomaterials were found. A total of 64 articles were fully evaluated and 28 were included in the present study. Considering the Cochrane tool for risk of bias, the overall assessment resulted in 5 studies with high risk of bias (studies with small sample size) and 3 studies with uncertain risk (studies with results without statistical significance). The search for a solution for large bone defects directed studies to tissue regeneration therapy or bone regeneration. These studies can promote the use of fillers and epithelial barriers that help in the treatment as an adjuvant to bone graft techniques, favoring greater predictability in alveolar and peri-implant reconstructions and with a good prognosis. The main filler biomaterials can be fibrin-rich plasma, Bio-Oss®. However, it is necessary to understand the chemical, physical and biological processes of both the biological material and the biological niche of the host. Crossing compatible information between microenvironments allows cell recognition and signaling cascades for neovascularization and regeneration and bone filling for successful posterior dental implant.