Abstract
Blood group-related glycans determining ABO and Lewis blood groups are known to function as attachment factors for most of the norovirus (NoV) strains. To identify binding specificity of each NoV, recombinant norovirus-like particles (VLPs) and human saliva samples with different ABO, Lewis phenotypes and secretor status have been commonly applied. When binding specificities of VLPs prepared from 16 different genotypes of NoVs in GI and GII genogroups were characterized in samples of human gastric mucosa compared to human saliva based on blood group phenotypes, considerable differences were observed for several strains. Novel binding specificities determined by an ELISA using preparations from human gastric mucosa were also ascertained by immunohistochemical analyses using human jejunal mucosa, widely believed to be susceptible to NoV infection. Further, A, B and O(H) blood group substances prepared from porcine and squid tissues were found to be effective for preventing ABO blood group-specific binding of VLPs to both saliva and mucosa samples. Therefore, these blood group substances might have potential for the prevention and treatment of NoV infection.
Highlights
Noroviruses (NoVs) are a group of single-stranded, positive sense RNA viruses constituting one of the six genera of the Caliciviridae family, and are known to be the predominant cause of non-bacterial acute gastroenteritis in humans worldwide [1,2,3,4,5,6]
Aleuria aurantia lectin (AAL) immobilized Sepharose gel was prepared as described previously [31]. a1,3N-acetylgalactosaminidase from Clostridium tertium A [32] and a1,3galactosidase from Clostridium sporogenesis maebashi [33] and a1,2fucosidase from Bacillus fulminans [34] were prepared as described previously. a1,3/4Fucosidase from Streptomyces sp.142 was obtained from Takara Bio Inc. (Otsu, Japan) and b1,3galactosidase from Xanthomonas manihotis was obtained from New England BioLabs Inc. (Ipswich, MA)
Sixteen virus-like particles (VLPs) belonging to GI and GII genogroups were examined to determine their binding specificities using an ELISA plate coated with a panel of saliva samples from various ABO, Figure 1
Summary
Noroviruses (NoVs) are a group of single-stranded, positive sense RNA viruses constituting one of the six genera of the Caliciviridae family, and are known to be the predominant cause of non-bacterial acute gastroenteritis in humans worldwide [1,2,3,4,5,6]. They are classified into five genogroups (GI–GV) with a high genetic diversity and three of them (GI, GII and GIV) infect humans, which are grouped further into at least 15 (GI.1–GI.15) and 21 (GII.1–GII.21) genotypes [6]. Because of a lack of animal model and a culture system of infected cells, details of the mechanism for NoV infection are still unclear [9,25,26] which causes to hamper the development of efficient treatments
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