Abstract
This paper proposes a new blind, color image watermarking method using fast Walsh–Hadamard transformation (FWHT) and multi-channel fractional Legendre–Fourier moments (MFrLFMs). The input host color image is first split into 4 × 4 non-interfering blocks, and the MFrLFMs are computed for each block, where proper MFrLFMs coefficients are selected and FWHT is applied on the selected coefficients. The scrambled binary watermark has been inserted in the quantized selected MFrLFMs coefficients. The proposed method is a blind extraction, as the original host image is not required to extract the watermark. The proposed method is evaluated over many visual imperceptibility terms such as peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), normalized correlation (NC), and bit error rate. The robustness of the proposed method is tested over several geometrical attacks such as scaling, rotation, cropping, and translation with different parameter values. The most widely recognized image processing attacks are also considered, e.g., compressing and adding noise attacks. A set of combination attacks are also tested to analyze the robustness of the proposed scheme versus several attacks. The proposed model’s experimental and numerical results for invisibility and robustness were superior to the results of similar watermarking methods.
Highlights
Copyright protection over the Internet has become a big challenge because it deals with securing the transmitted digital content through the transition medium over the internet
A robust and efficient blind watermark method was proposed by utilizing fast Walsh–Hadamard transform (FWHT) and multi-channel fractional Legendre–Fourier moments (MFrLFMs) on color images
The accurate magnitude of MFrLFMs was selected to attain the goal of the watermarking system, which resulted in improved robustness and visual imperceptibility
Summary
Copyright protection over the Internet has become a big challenge because it deals with securing the transmitted digital content through the transition medium over the internet. The use of digital image watermarking systems has become a hot research area. It is widely used in the copyright protection of images and security from several unwanted modifications of digital content, such as tampering and forgery over these transitions [1]. In the spatial domain method, embedding the watermark can be realized by explicitly modifying the image pixels. It has the benefits of accessible execution at low computing costs. The most prevalent techniques in the spatial domain are LSB, correlation-based methods, histogram shifting, and speed spectral methods
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