Abstract
Due to deleterious side effects of currently available medications, the search for novel, safe, and effective preventive agents for improving bone health in aging continues and is urgently needed. This study aimed to determine whether dietary blackcurrants (BC), an anthocyanin-rich berry, can improve bone mass in a mouse model of age-related bone loss. Thirty-five female C57BL/6J mice, 3 months old (n = 20) and 18 months old (n = 15), were randomized to consume either a standard chow diet or a standard chow diet with 1% (w/w) BC for four months. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, Micro computed tomography (µCT), and histomorphometric analyses were conducted to assess bone parameters on femurs. Biochemical assays were conducted to determine bone resorption, antioxidant activity, and inflammation in humerus homogenates. Trabecular bone volume (BV/TV) was significantly lower in aged mice compared to young mice (young control, 3.7 ± 0.4% vs aged control, 1.5 ± 0.5%, mean ± SEM (standard error of mean), p < 0.01; young BC, 5.3 ± 0.6% vs aged BC, 1.1 ± 0.3%, p < 0.001). µCT analysis revealed that BC supplementation increased trabecular BV/TV in young mice by 43.2% (p < 0.05) compared to controls. Histomorphometric analysis revealed a 50% increase, though this effect was not statistically significant (p = 0.07). The osteoblast surface increased by 82.5% in aged mice with BC compared to controls (p < 0.01). In humerus homogenates of young mice, BC consumption reduced C-telopeptide of type I collagen by 12.4% (p < 0.05) and increased glutathione peroxidase by 96.4% (p < 0.05). In humerus homogenates of aged mice, BC consumption increased catalase by 12% (p = 0.09). Aged mice had significantly elevated concentrations of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), a pro-inflammatory cytokine contributing to bone resorption, which was reduced by 43.3% with BC consumption (p = 0.06). These results suggest that early consumption of BC may protect from aging-associated bone loss.
Highlights
Age-related bone loss is characterized by a decline in bone mass and weakening of bone microarchitecture that accelerates with aging [1]
Analysis were expressed as mean ± standard error of mean (SEM)
In this study we sought to determine if BC consumption can attenuate aging-related bone loss in mice and to explore the underlying mechanisms
Summary
Age-related bone loss is characterized by a decline in bone mass and weakening of bone microarchitecture that accelerates with aging [1]. The rate of bone resorbed by the basic multicellular unit (BMU), composed of bone-resorbing osteoclasts and bone-forming osteoblasts, outpaces the rate of bone formed, resulting in a negative BMU imbalance [2,3,4]. Nutrients 2018, 10, 1671 as well as the large surface area of the trabeculae that facilitates remodeling [5,6]. This causes similar absolute losses of cortical and trabecular bone during the first ten years of menopause, despite cortical bone composing 80% of the skeleton and trabecular bone 20% [7]. Common treatment strategies for improving bone mass and reducing fracture risk include directly targeting bone resorption or bone formation with anti-resorptive and bone-anabolic medications, respectively, as well as prophylactic procedures such as fall prevention
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