Abstract
BackgroundCigarette smoking is a major cause of lung damage. One prominent deleterious effect of cigarette smoke is oxidative stress. Oxidative stress may lead to apoptosis and lung injury. Since black tea has antioxidant property, we examined the preventive effect of black tea on cigarette smoke-induced oxidative damage, apoptosis and lung injury in a guinea pig model.MethodsGuinea pigs were subjected to cigarette smoke exposure from five cigarettes (two puffs/cigarette) per guinea pig/day for seven days and given water or black tea to drink. Sham control guinea pigs were exposed to air instead of cigarette smoke. Lung damage, as evidenced by inflammation and increased air space, was assessed by histology and morphometric analysis. Protein oxidation was measured through oxyblot analysis of dinitrophenylhydrazone derivatives of the protein carbonyls of the oxidized proteins. Apoptosis was evidenced by the fragmentation of DNA using TUNEL assay, activation of caspase 3, phosphorylation of p53 as well as over-expression of Bax by immunoblot analyses.ResultsCigarette smoke exposure to a guinea pig model caused lung damage. It appeared that oxidative stress was the initial event, which was followed by inflammation, apoptosis and lung injury. All these pathophysiological events were prevented when the cigarette smoke-exposed guinea pigs were given black tea infusion as the drink instead of water.ConclusionCigarette smoke exposure to a guinea pig model causes oxidative damage, inflammation, apoptosis and lung injury that are prevented by supplementation of black tea.
Highlights
Cigarette smoking is a major cause of lung damage
It is becoming progressively apparent that interactions among oxidative stress, apoptosis and excessive proteolytic damage of the alveolar cells may be responsible for the pathogenesis of cigarette smoke-induced lung damage [1]
Black tea has strong antioxidant properties and this is well vindicated in our previous report which demonstrates that cigarette smoke (CS)-induced oxidative damage of guinea pig lung microsomal proteins and increased proteolysis are markedly prevented by black tea (BT) [19]
Summary
Cigarette smoking is a major cause of lung damage. One prominent deleterious effect of cigarette smoke is oxidative stress. Cigarette smoking is a major cause for the increased incidence of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases (COPD), worldwide The pathogenesis of this disease is usually characterized by abnormal enlargement of airspaces of the lung accompanied by destruction of its walls [1]. Earlier we had shown that CS contains some stable water-soluble oxidant that causes significant oxidative damage to microsomal proteins and increased proteolysis [14,15] These results would indicate that CS-induced oxidative damage and proteolysis may lead to apoptosis of alveolar cells and overall damage to the lung, which is likely to be prevented by antioxidants. Black tea has strong antioxidant properties and this is well vindicated in our previous report which demonstrates that CS-induced oxidative damage of guinea pig lung microsomal proteins and increased proteolysis are markedly prevented by BT [19]. In this paper we demonstrate that the initial event of exposure of guinea pigs to CS is oxidative damage, which is accompanied by inflammation, apoptosis and increased air space in the lung and that all these pathophysiological events are prevented when the CS-exposed guinea pigs are given black tea infusion as the drink instead of water
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