Bisphenol A concentration-dependently increases human granulosa-lutein cell matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) enzyme output

Abstract

Bisphenol A (BPA) is an estrogenic contaminant that has been quantified at higher levels in the follicular fluid of women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) compared to healthy fertile controls. However, the effect of BPA on granulosa cell function is unknown. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to quantify the effect of BPA on granulosa cell progesterone (P 4) output and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, and -9 output and activity. Granulosa-lutein cells (GLCs) were collected from women undergoing oocyte retrieval in an academic in vitro fertilization (IVF) program. Granulosa-lutein cells were treated with increasing log concentrations of BPA (1–10,000 ng/ml) or 17β-estradiol (E 2, 272 pg/ml or 1.0 nM) and treatment effects on MMP-2 and -9 activity and output, cell viability and cell proliferation were measured by commercial gelatin zymography, MMP-ELISA, MTS and BrdU incorporation assays, respectively. Granulosa-lutein cells in culture secrete MMP-2 and MMP-9. Bisphenol A treatment concentration-dependently increased MMP-9 output by GLCs with a maximal effect observed at 1000 ng/ml. Cell viability/proliferation was unaffected by BPA treatment at concentrations ≤100 ng/ml; however, higher concentrations of BPA were cytotoxic. Progesterone output by the GLCs was unaffected by increasing BPA concentrations in the media. In conclusion, GLCs in culture secrete MMP-2 and MMP-9. At lower concentrations, compatible with human exposure levels (100–1000 ng/ml), BPA stimulates GLC MMP-9 output; however, higher concentrations are cytotoxic. Our findings suggest that BPA treatment can modulate ovarian extracellular matrix stability.