Biosynthesis of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles using various parts of plants for antibacterial, antifungal and anticancer activity: A review

Abstract

The synthesis of several metal oxide nanoparticles mediated by microbes and plants and their different bio-applications gain more attention from the research community in the biomedical science field. As concerned with plants, which comprise plenty of biofunctional compounds like alkaloids, steroids, tannins, nutritionals, and flavonoids. As reported plant-mediated biogenic fabrication of the metal oxide nanoparticles at an eco-friendly, less hazardous, and low cost is a convincing way, further, it is treated for biological screening in terms of applications like antifungal, cytotoxicity, antibacterial, and anti-plasmodia activity. These dose-dependent activities and the morphology (shape, size) also impact the efficiency of the bio-inspired NPs. The eco-friendly way of using plant material highlights their non-hazardous nature, cost-ineffective, and facile which is an alternative to synthesizing chemically. Plants rich in metabolites or chemicals may act as reducing and capping agents during the synthesis of NPs. The present review reveals a plant-mediated synthesis of metal and metal oxide NPs, their morphological analysis like shape and size, crystalline nature using several techniques, and their biological applications.