Abstract
A facile one-step, eco-friendly, and cost-effective approach for the formation of copper oxide (CuO) nanowires by a green method using saponin-rich Sapindus mukorossi fruit extract (SMFE). The physio-chemical characteristics of the synthesized CuO nanowires have been characterized by X-ray Diffractometry (XRD), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), FT-IR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, FE-SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy), and High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HR-TEM). Further, the electrocatalytic activity of the CuO nanowires synthesized with SMFE has been investigated, and they have been used as dopamine (DA) sensors. Because of their unique properties, the CuO nanowires/GCE exhibited remarkable electrochemical response for the detection of DA with enhanced current response. The anodic current demonstrated that the CuO nanowires/GCE linearly detects the concentration of DA over the range of 0.1 µM to 0.105 mM of DA with a regression co-efficient of 0.9960. The obtained results illustrated that the synthesized CuO nanowires can easily stimulate the electron transfer reaction between DA and the nanowires modified electrode with the improvement of the conductivity and stability of the electrode. This remarkable electrocatalytic property of CuO nanowires makes it a unique electrochemical sensor for the detection of DA. Furthermore, the sensor is free from the interference of ascorbic acid, uric acid, and other interfering species. Moreover, the anti-interference performance also showed that the CuO nanowires/GCE could be employed for the determination of DA in real samples with good selectivity and sensitivity.
Highlights
Owing to the attractive physicochemical properties of transition metal or metal oxide nanostructured materials, significant attempts have been promoted towards the preparation of such metal/metal oxide nanoparticles with desired shapes and sizes [1,2]
Based on the previous investigations and experience on the synthesis of different phases of magnetic metal oxides, such as Fe3O4, γ-Fe2O3, and α-Fe2O3 using Sapindus mukorossi fruit extract (SMFE) [31] for the development of electrochemical biosensors, we have examined here the electrocatalytic behavior of one-dimensional copper oxide nanowires modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) synthesized using SMFE for the sensitive and selective determination of DA
Uric acid (UA), ascorbic acid (AA), citric acid (CA), dopamine (DA), glucose, sodium chloride (NaCl), dihydrogen orthophosphate and dipotassium hydrogen phosphate were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich
Summary
Owing to the attractive physicochemical properties of transition metal or metal oxide nanostructured materials, significant attempts have been promoted towards the preparation of such metal/metal oxide nanoparticles with desired shapes and sizes [1,2]. Over the past few years, variety of preparation methods have been developed to generate CuO nanoparticles with varying dimensions and structures such as the self-catalytic mechanism, simple solution preparation, hydrolysis, hydrothermal and solvothermal synthesis, and exposure to microwave irradiation [9,10,11,12,13,14]. These chemical methods involve the use of toxic, very expensive, hazardous, and non-environmentally friendly chemicals, they are not acceptable for the various fields of biomedical applications. The influence of green synthesis provides advancement over chemical and physical method, as it is cost effective, eco-friendly, scaled up for large scale synthesis, and provides no need to use high pressure, energy, temperature, and toxic chemicals for the synthesis of morphology controlled nanostructured materials, which will find extensive use in biomedicine [15]
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