Abstract
An innovative, biomimetic, green synthesis approach was exploited for the synthesis of humane and environmental friendly nanomaterials for biomedical applications. Ultrafine bonelike apatite (BAp) 2D plate-like structures were prepared using fenugreek seed extract during the biosynthesis wet-chemical precipitation route. The chemical analysis, morphology and structure of the prepared 2D nanoplates were characterized by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), electron microscopy (SEM and TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. A 2D plate-like nanostructure of BAp with an average width (length) of 12.67 ± 2 nm and thickness of 3.8 ± 1.2 nm was obtained. BAp 2D crystals were tuned by interaction with the fenugreek organic molecules during the fabrication process. In addition to Ca and P ions, bone mineral sources such as K, Mg, Na, SO4 and CO3 ions were incorporated into BAp nanoplates using fenugreek seed extract. The overall organic molecule concentration in the reaction process increased the effectiveness of hydroxyl groups as nucleation sites for BAp crystals. Accordingly, the size of the biosynthesized BAp plate-like structure was reduced to its lowest value. Biosynthesis BAp 2D plate-like nanocrystals showed good viability and higher growth of MC3T3 osteoblast-like structures than that of the control sample. BAp 2D nanoplates prepared by a facile, ecofriendly and cost-effective approach could be considered a favorable osteoconductive inorganic biomaterial for bone regeneration applications.
Highlights
Biological apatite (BAp) is the main inorganic constituent in human bones and teeth [1]
It is speculated that, by increasing the concentration of the hydroxyl groups in the precursor solution, the interaction between the organic molecules existing in the FG extract and the metallic ions of the calcium phosphate is increased, which means higher interference by apatite crystals during the biosynthesis process
bonelike apatite (BAp) ultrafine 2D plate-like structures were prepared by employing FG seed extract using biosynthesis wet-chemical precipitation as a simple, efficient, economic and non-toxic route
Summary
Biological apatite (non-stoichiometric hydroxyapatite) (BAp) is the main inorganic constituent in human bones and teeth [1]. It is speculated that, by increasing the concentration of the hydroxyl groups in the precursor solution, the interaction between the organic molecules existing in the FG extract and the metallic ions of the calcium phosphate is increased, which means higher interference by apatite crystals during the biosynthesis process This phenomenon might lead to denser structures being formed by FG organic molecules of the BAp minerals. BAp minerals with a 2D plate-like morphology mimicking the natural bones’ composition and structural features, fabricated by biosynthesis of the plant extraction method, have been prepared successfully. BAp ultrafine 2D plate-like structures were prepared by employing FG seed extract using biosynthesis wet-chemical precipitation as a simple, efficient, economic and non-toxic route. Samples were analysed by ICP-OES, whereas, other results were analysed calorimetrically for SO4, Cl and CO3
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