Biosurfactant-producing Microorganisms: Potential for Bioremediation of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants

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The contamination of soil and water by heavy metals and hydrophobic organic compounds poses a significant threat to the environment. Traditional physicochemical methods for remediation are often expensive and environmentally unfriendly, while bioremediation offers a more eco-compatible and economically feasible alternative. Bioremediation utilizes microorganisms, plants, or microbial/plant enzymes to detoxify contaminants in various environments. Biosurfactants, amphiphilic compounds produced by microorganisms, play a crucial role in enhancing bioremediation effectiveness. They increase substrate surface area, create microenvironments, and promote emulsification, thereby facilitating the removal of pollutants. This article provided a comprehensive overview of biosurfactant-producing microorganisms and their potential in the bioremediation of organic and inorganic pollutants. The types and classifications of biosurfactants as well as the factors influencing their production were discussed. Various microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and yeasts, were identified as biosurfactant producers. This study outlined the production process and highlighted the importance of optimizing growth conditions for high-quality biosurfactant production. The applications of biosurfactants in remediation were explored by emphasizing their ability to enhance biodegradation, remove heavy metals, and increase hydrocarbon bioavailability. Several studies demonstrating the efficacy of biosurfactant-producing microorganisms in bioremediation were presented. The potential limitations and challenges associated with biosurfactant application in situ were also discussed. In conclusion, the controlled use of biosurfactants could offer promising prospects for the efficient and sustainable cleanup of contaminated sites, contributing to environmental remediation efforts.