Biostimulant Application Improves Yield Parameters and Accentuates Fruit Color of Annurca Apples

Claudio Di-Vaio,Aurora Cirillo,Christophe El-Nakhel,Youssef Rouphael,Danilo Cice

doi:10.3390/agronomy11040715

Claudio Di-Vaio, Aurora Cirillo + Show 3 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11040715

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Abstract

The Annurca apple is a typical fruit from Southern Italy that is notable for its high firmness and characteristic flavor, and presents positive effects on human health. The aim of the present study was to improve the agronomic characteristics of Annurca trees and the quality of their fruits by the use of plant biostimulants. We performed the study with three biostimulants (protein hydrolysates, seaweed extracts, and microalgae) to determine their effects on trees and fruits at harvest and during fridge conservation. The measurements in the field concerned the production per plant, the number of fruits, the diameter and fruit weight, the diameter of trunk, the weight of pruning, the first harvest %, and yield efficiency (plant prod./TCSA) for both growing seasons 2018–2019. The analyzed fruit parameters at harvest and during the fridge conservation were: flesh firmness, epicarp color, total soluble solids, pH, and titratable acidity. The results showed positive effects of the biostimulants on the production and the color parameters, especially with microalgae enhancing fruit redness (5-fold) and color index (8.5-fold). In particular, protein hydrolysates and microalgae increased the production (10.4%), diameter of the fruits (7.0%), the first harvest percentage (37.8%), and yield efficiency (6.9%). The tested plant biostimulants showed no significant effect on the measured qualitative parameters. This study represents the first detailed research on the use of different types of biostimulants on Annurca trees and their impact on the quality of its fruits from harvest to storage, and may present a sustainable alternative for the “melaio” processes.

Highlights

The Annurca apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) is a typical cultivar cultivated in SouthernItaly, especially in the region of Campania, where it represents 70% of the apple production [1]
We examined the effects of different biostimulants on the growth, yield, and fruit quality of cultivated apple trees belonging to the Annurca cultivar
Our study aimed to determine the effects of the three different biostimulants on the agronomic characteristics of apple trees and the physicochemical parameters of Annurca fruits

Summary

Introduction

The Annurca apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) is a typical cultivar cultivated in SouthernItaly, especially in the region of Campania, where it represents 70% of the apple production [1]. The Annurca apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) is a typical cultivar cultivated in Southern. The Annurca apple acquired the recognition of quality mark IGP Geographic Indication) by the European Union in the framework of the authentication and protection of characteristic agri-food products. This status promotes the marketing of this apple cultivar locally and internationally [2]. Several studies showed that the typical reddening treatment is likely responsible for the increase of bioactive compounds such as polyphenols, flavonoids, and anthocyanins during storage, conferring a strong antioxidant activity to Annurca fruits [2,5,6,7]. The polyphenolic compounds present in Annurca have shown positive effects on human health as presented by D’Angelo et al [8]

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