Abstract
Based on a general methodology using naturalco-ordinates, a three-dimensional whole body responsemodel for the articulated human body is presented inthis paper. The joints between biomechanical segmentsare defined by forcing adjacent bodies to share commonpoints and vectors that are used in their definition.A realistic relative range of motion for the bodysegments is obtained introducing a set of penaltyforces in the model rather than setting up newunilateral constraints between the system components.These forces, representing the reaction momentsbetween segments of the human body model when thebiomechanical joints reach the limit of their range ofmotion, prevent the biomechanical model from achievingphysically unacceptable positions. Improved efficiencyin the integration process of the equations of motionis obtained using the augmented Lagrange formulation.The biomechanical model is finally applied indifferent situations of passive human motion such asthat observed in vehicle occupants during a crash orin an athlete during impact.
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