Biomass-Derived Adsorbents for Dye and Heavy Metal Removal from Wastewater

Kashir Ali,Muhammad Ussama Javaid,Muhammad Junaid Zaghum,Zaman Ali,Selvaraju Narayanasamy

doi:10.1155/2021/9357509

Abstract

Wastewater has a high concentration of dyes and heavy metals, which are the two most significant contaminants. Due to their high toxicity and vulnerability, they possess a potential threat to human health as well as the ecosystem. There are many ways to eliminate these pollutants from water but adsorption has attained much interest because of its low cost, easy application, and no secondary pollutants. Biomass is considered an ecological burden and a reason for the reduction in the earth’s carrying capacity. These materials may be used as cost-effective adsorbents to remove dyes and heavy metals from wastewater. This paper highlights recent advances made in dye and heavy metal adsorption in the last 10 years. The prime focus of this review paper is on the direct application of these biomasses without any chemical or physical alteration. The removal efficiencies and adsorption capabilities of different biomass-derived adsorbents for the removal of dyes and heavy metals from wastewater are summarised in this study. Additionally, the adsorption mechanisms underlying the removal of dyes and heavy metals using biomass-derived adsorbents have been discussed, with a focus on two kinetic models: pseudofirst-order and pseudosecond-order. Furthermore, the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were utilised to verify the experimental findings and to quantify the amount and degree of adsorption favorability. Based on what has been covered in the literature, the conclusion has been drawn. The future research needs are proposed in the area of biomass-derived adsorbent development, their modification for improved efficiencies, and application on large-scale wastewater treatment plants.

Highlights

Covering more than 70% of the Earth’s surface, water is the major and most important source for the survival of this planet
The use of biomass-derived adsorbents for the removal of dyes and heavy metals from wastewater is discussed in this study
It is based on a significant number of relevant research papers that have been published in the last ten years

Summary

Introduction

Covering more than 70% of the Earth’s surface, water is the major and most important source for the survival of this planet. The most prominent sources of these pollutants are the release of unprocessed sanitary water and hazardous industrial wastewater, industrial wastewater dumping, and agricultural runoff Among these pollutants, heavy metals and dyes are most commonly present in the wastewater and due to their toxicity and nonbiodegradability; these are extremely harmful and difficult to remove. Low-cost adsorbents like agricultural wastes, natural materials, and industrial products are found to be very effective and encouraging for the heavy metals and dyes removal from wastewater because of their low cost, selective sorption, no sludge production, metal recovery, and high efficiency. Several biomasses such as waste tea, peat moss, rice husk, coconut shells, and sawdust are being utilised as adsorbents. They have the benefit of being immediately available and not requiring regeneration; this review focuses on these adsorbents and their efficiency as well as isotherm and kinetic model studies for their ability to effectively eliminate dyes and heavy metals from the wastewater

Adsorption of Dyes and Heavy Metals by Biomass-Derived Adsorbents

Findings

Conclusion and Future Prospective