Biomass partitioning of benthic microbes in a Baltic inlet: relationships between bacteria, algae, heterotrophic flagellates and ciliates

Abstract

The structure of a benthic microbial food web and its seasonal changes were studied in the shallow brackish waters of the island of Hiddensee, northeastern Germany, at two sites in close proximity by monthly or bimonthly sampling from July 1995 to June 1996. Abundance and biomass of phototrophic and non-phototrophic bacteria, heterotrophic flagellates (HF) and ciliates as well as the biomass of microphytobenthos were determined in the upper 0.3 cm sediment layer. Abundance of organisms showed strong positive correlation with water temperature, with the exception of the bacteria. Non-phototrophic bacterial numbers ranged from 7 × 108 to 6.7 × 109 cells cm−3 and phototrophic bacterial abundance from 4 × 107 to 2.7 × 108. Heterotrophic protist abundance ranged from 8 × 103 to 104 × 103 ind cm−3 for HF and from 39 to 747 ind cm−3 for ciliates. The biomass partitioning demonstrated the primary importance of non-phototrophic bacteria (min. 0.83, max. 84.87 μg C cm−3), followed by the microphytobenthos (min. 1.32, max. 50.93 μg C cm−3). The heterotrophic protists contributed roughly the same fraction to the total microbial biomass, with the biomass of the HF being slightly higher (HF 0.23 to 1.76 μg C cm−3, ciliates 0.04 to 1.17 μg C cm−3). Taxonomic classification of the benthic HF revealed the euglenids to be the most important group in terms of abundance and biomass, followed by thaumatomastigids and kinetoplastids. Other important groups were apusomonads, cercomonads, pedinellids and cryptomonads. The structure of the HF assemblage showed strong seasonal changes with euglenids being the most abundant taxa in summer, while apusomonads and thaumatomastigids were predominant in winter. Similar to the pelagic microbial food web, benthic picophototrophic bacteria were occasionally abundant, and the feeding modes of heterotrophic protists exhibited a great variety (predominantly omnivores, bacterivores, herbivores or predators). Filter-feeding HF were of little importance. Contrary to the pelagic environment, a top-down control on total benthic bacterial numbers by HF seemed unlikely at the studied stations which were characterised by muddy sand.