Abstract
The present study investigated the effect of biomass burning on the water cycle using a case study of the Chari–Logone Catchment of the Lake Chad Basin (LCB). The Chari–Logone catchment was selected because it supplies over 90% of the water input to the lake, which is the largest basin in central Africa. Two water balance simulations, one considering burning and one without, were compared from the years 2003 to 2011. For a more comprehensive assessment of the effects of burning, albedo change, which has been shown to have a significant impact on a number of environmental factors, was used as a model input for calculating potential evapotranspiration (ET). Analysis of the burning scenario showed that burning grassland, which comprises almost 75% of the total Chari–Logone land cover, causes increased ET and runoff during the dry season (November–March). Recent studies have demonstrated that there is an increasing trend in the LCB of converting shrubland, grassland, and wetlands to cropland. This change from grassland to cropland has the potential to decrease the amount of water available to water bodies during the winter. All vegetative classes in a burning scenario showed a decrease in ET during the wet season. Although a decrease in annual precipitation in global circulation processes such as the El Niño Southern Oscillation would cause droughts and induce wildfires in the Sahel, the present study shows that a decrease in ET by the human-induced burning would cause a severe decrease in precipitation as well.
Highlights
The African Sahel experienced a dramatic decrease in precipitation in the 1960s to the 1980s, which has drastically affected the size of Lake Chad [1]
In order to accomplish this, the present study investigated burning effects on the water balance in the Lake Chad Basin (LCB) by incorporating burning parameters such as surface albedo and land cover characteristics of burned areas into a water balance model
This study investigates the correlation between increased evapotranspiration or increased precipitation due to burning
Summary
The African Sahel experienced a dramatic decrease in precipitation in the 1960s to the 1980s, which has drastically affected the size of Lake Chad [1]. Lake Chad gained widespread attention from the scientific community and the general public due to its rapid shrinkage from 25,000 km in 1963 to less than 3000 km in 2008 [2]. Lake Chad’s shrinkage is significantly detrimental to regional sustainability, because it is an economically important water resource upon which agricultural and fishing activities depend. A number of factors have been attributed to shrinkage of the lake, including a decrease in precipitation [4], poor water management practices [5], and land use changes [6].
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