Biomarkers: Their Vital Role in Understanding the Complexity of Marine Pollution Monitoring

Abstract

The monitoring of marine pollution plays a pivotal role in our efforts to comprehend and mitigate its detrimental effects on marine ecosystems. Biomarkers, quantifiable biological indicators of exposure or effect, have emerged as indispensable tools in gauging the magnitude of pollution. This review delves into the multifaceted challenges associated with the use of biomarkers in marine pollution monitoring, including species-specific responses, sensitivity and specificity concerns, extraneous factors, species variability, an exclusive focus on single stressors, and limited knowledge. Discerning between pollution-induced impacts and natural fluctuations is made challenging by the inherent natural variability and confounding factors. Differences in sensitivity and specificity add complexity to the precision of pollution detection. Species-specific variations and the presence of multiple contaminants add layers of complexity to biomarker examination. Additionally, the lack of standardized operating procedures and insufficient information hinder the widespread adoption of biomarkers. Limited studies on specific stressors restrict our comprehensive understanding of pollution effects particularly in the Philippines. Further research, collaborative efforts, and the establishment of standardized protocols are imperative to enhance the precision and efficacy of biomarker-based monitoring in marine environments.