Abstract
The search for an ideal multiple sclerosis biomarker with good diagnostic value, prognostic reference and an impact on clinical outcome has yet to be realized and is still ongoing. The aim of this review is to establish an overview of the frequent biomarkers for multiple sclerosis that exist to date. The review summarizes the results obtained from electronic databases, as well as thorough manual searches. In this review the sources and methods of biomarkers extraction are described; in addition to the description of each biomarker, determination of the prognostic, diagnostic, disease monitoring and treatment response values besides clinical impact they might possess. We divided the biomarkers into three categories according to the achievement method: laboratory markers, genetic-immunogenetic markers and imaging markers. We have found two biomarkers at the time being considered the gold standard for MS diagnostics. Unfortunately, there does not exist a single solitary marker being able to present reliable diagnostic value, prognostic value, high sensitivity and specificity as well as clinical impact. We need more studies to find the best biomarker for MS.
Highlights
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is one of the most common causes of neurological diseases among adolescents and young adults [1]
This breakdown of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) allows autoreactive autoimmune and a cohort of inflammatory cells to enter the Central Nervous System (CNS) leading to a cascade of myriad neurodegenerative events eventually manifesting as typical plaque lesions as well as clinical symptoms seen in MS [4]
The biomarkers can be extracted from blood, tears, urine, saliva, Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF), genes, immunity factors and interpreted via imaging techniques [2]
Summary
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is one of the most common causes of neurological diseases among adolescents and young adults [1]. MS is an immune-mediated inflammatory disease, which assaults myelinated axons in the Central Nervous System (CNS), thereby breaking the myelin sheaths and the axons in variable degrees [2]. While the etiology of MS is yet to be entirely uncovered, it is generally accepted that the first step in the disease progression is the breakdown of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). This breakdown of the BBB allows autoreactive autoimmune and a cohort of inflammatory cells to enter the CNS leading to a cascade of myriad neurodegenerative events eventually manifesting as typical plaque lesions as well as clinical symptoms seen in MS [4]
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