Abstract
BackgroundCytokines, chemokines, adipocytokines, soluble cell receptors, and immune activation markers play an important role in immune responsiveness and can provide prognostic value since they reflect underlying conditions and disease states. This study was undertaken to investigate the components of biological variation for various laboratory tests of blood immunological biomarkers.ResultsEstimates of intra-individual coefficient of variation (CVI) and inter-individual coefficient of variation (CVG) were examined for blood immunological biomarkers. Biomarkers with CVI < 10% for both genders were CD3, CD4, and CD8 T-cells, serum levels of soluble cluster of differentiation 14 (sCD14), sCD163, and soluble glycoprotein 130 (sgp130). The CVI for serum levels of adiponectin, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), macrophage inflammatory protein 1 beta (MIP-1β), soluble CD40 Ligand (sCD40L), soluble interleukin-2 receptor alpha (sIL-2Rα), soluble interleukin-6 receptor (sIL-6R), soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor II (sTNF-RII), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) were between 11 and 20%. Biomarkers with CVG < 20% were CD3 T-cell, and serum concentrations of sCD14, sCD40L, and sgp130. The biomarkers with CVG > 40% were adiponectin, IL-1ra, leptin, MIP-1β, sCD163, and sIL-2Rα.ConclusionThe biological variations of biomarkers have important monitoring value for longitudinal investigation and are essential for quality specification of tests that are performed in the laboratory. The CVI was relatively small while CVG was comparatively large and mean values of each biomarker vary between subjects. The individuality of biomarkers significantly influences reference interval values. A majority of the biomarkers in this study had strong individuality and the result of each biomarker should be cautiously interpreted if using established reference interval values. Comparison of a patient’s test result with previous ones may be more useful than the usage of conventional reference values.
Highlights
Cytokines, chemokines, adipocytokines, soluble cell receptors, and immune activation markers play an important role in immune responsiveness and can provide prognostic value since they reflect underlying conditions and disease states
The mean serum concentration of five groups of biomarkers and the mean percentage of each lymphocyte subset for twelve normal participants, along with coefficients of variation for analytical (CVA), intra-individual (CVI), and inter-individual (CVG) for six women, six men, and both genders are shown in Tables 1 and 2
Biomarkers with a coefficient of variation (CVI) < 10% for both genders were the percentage of CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ T-cells; and serum concentrations of soluble cluster of differentiation 14 (sCD14), sgp130, and soluble CD163 (sCD163)
Summary
Chemokines, adipocytokines, soluble cell receptors, and immune activation markers play an important role in immune responsiveness and can provide prognostic value since they reflect underlying conditions and disease states. This study was undertaken to investigate the components of biological variation for various laboratory tests of blood immunological biomarkers Immunological biomarkers such as serum cytokines, chemokines, adipocytokines, soluble forms of cell receptors, and immune activation markers can serve as surrogate markers for cellular activation and play an important role in the function of the immune system. It is essential to be able to detect laboratory and clinically relevant changes by accurately measuring those blood biomarkers, making them potentially beneficial for the monitoring, diagnosis, and follow up of various diseases Clinical usefulness of these biomarkers depends upon: 1) their ability to account for a significant portion of the disease being evaluated; 2) the ability to be accurately, reproducibly, and reliably measured; and 3) the availability. The suitable biomarkers should have a low temporal intra-individual variability in healthy subjects otherwise any significant changes might not necessarily reflect disease processes
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