Abstract
This paper attempts to develop for the first time a rigorous and innovative definition of Biological Technical Change (BTC). BTC (for which fertilizers are used as proxy), and land-labor substitution are quantified by the method of Indirect Least Squares, from aggregate time-series data on wheat and rice production in India. The conclusion that emerges from this analysis is that the contribution of BTC, more specifically fertilizers, to foodgrain production in India, is quite low. This raises important policy questions related to finding alternatives to widely held beliefs on how to increase food production and alleviate world hunger.
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