Abstract
ABSTRACT The concepts of symbiosis and mutualism advance our understanding of biology and have important implications for metaphysics and religious philosophy. However, symbiosis and mutualism presume that organisms are still individuals that relate to one another as distinct independent entities. While we agree that symbiosis and mutualism are important to understand, we suggest that a growing body of life science research supports a more accurate and an even more profoundly interconnected view of life as contingently existent and mutually constituting. While potentially disturbing to human self-understanding, this view could have a beneficial impact on theological reasoning and practical pastoral thinking.
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