Abstract
During the last few decades, several studies have suggested that carbon-based nanomaterials, owing to their unique properties, could act as promising candidates in biomedical engineering application. Wide-ranging research efforts have investigated the cellular and molecular responses to carbon-based nanomaterials at the nano-bio interfaces. In addition, a number of surface functionalization strategies have been introduced to improve their safety profile in the biological environment. The present review discusses the general principles of immunological responses to nanomaterials. Then, it explains essential physico-chemical properties of carbon-familynanomaterials, including carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene, fullerene, carbon quantum dots (CDs), diamond-like carbon (DLC), and mesoporous carbon biomaterials (MCNs), which significantly affect the immunological cellular and molecular responses at the nano-bio interface. The discussions also briefly highlight the recent studies that critically investigated the cellular and molecular responses to various carbon-based nanomaterials. It is expected that the most recent perspective strategies for improving the biological responses to carbon-based nanomaterials can revolutionize their functions in emerging biological applications.
Highlights
Biomaterials science is a multidisciplinary field of study which aims to introduce biological alternatives for biomedical purposes, such as improving tissue and/or organ regeneration (Chen and Liu, 2016; Lee et al, 2018)
As Cell autophagy is a significant immunological system response to foreign nanomaterials, Wan et al (2013) have more currently investigated the special effects of AF-single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and graphene oxides on cell viability, autophagy induction and lysosome destabilization. Their autophagosome, lysosome, as well as p62 protein degradation results indicated that both AF-SWCNTs and graphene oxides provoked the adverse effects in AF-macrophages cells, graphene oxide was further effective than AF-SWCNTs
A vast number of papers have been published in the recent years which suggested some promising approaches for achieving better biological responses to these types of nanomaterials
Summary
Biomaterials science is a multidisciplinary field of study which aims to introduce biological alternatives for biomedical purposes, such as improving tissue and/or organ regeneration (Chen and Liu, 2016; Lee et al, 2018). Some recent studies have shown that these materials can be potentially employed to fabricate electrically conductive scaffolds with the ability to provide controlled electrical stimulation (Cha et al, 2013; Ahadian et al, 2017) These nanomaterials are promising candidates for developing synthetic bio-scaffolds as suitable platforms in the field of tissue regeneration, as the scaffolds in this area need to precisely mimic the physicochemical and mechanical properties of native extracellular matrix (ECM). The main body of the review goes on the essential physicochemical, and mechanical properties of the key carbon nanomaterials including: CNTs, graphene, fullerene, carbon quantum dots (CDs), diamond-like carbon (DLC), and mesoporous carbon biomaterials (MCNs), which significantly impact on the immunological cells responses. The recent strategies which are commonly used for improving the cell responses to carbon-based nanomaterials will be briefly presented
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