Abstract
Charcoal rot is an emerging disease for peanut crops caused by the fungus Macrophomina phaseolina. In Mexico, peanut crop represents an important productive activity for various rural areas; however, charcoal rot affects producers economically. The objectives of this research were: (a) to identify and morphologically characterize the strain “PUE 4.0” associated with charcoal rot of peanut crops from Buenavista de Benito Juárez, belonging to the municipality of Chietla in Puebla, Mexico; (b) determine the in vitro and in vivo antagonist activity of five Trichoderma species on M. phaseolina, and (c) determine the effect of the incidence of the disease on peanut production in the field. Vegetable tissue samples were collected from peanut crops in Puebla, Mexico with the presence of symptoms of charcoal rot at the stem and root level. The “PUE 4.0” strain presented 100% identity with M. phaseolina, the cause of charcoal rot in peanut crops from Buenavista de Benito Juárez. T. koningiopsis (T-K11) showed the highest development rate, the best growth speed, and the highest percentage of radial growth inhibition (PIRG) over M. phaseolina (71.11%) under in vitro conditions, in addition, T. koningiopsis (T-K11) showed higher production (1.60 ± 0.01 t/ha−1) and lower incidence of charcoal rot under field conditions. The lowest production with the highest incidence of the disease occurred in plants inoculated only with M. phaseolina (0.67 ± 0.01 t/ha−1) where elongated reddish-brown lesions were observed that covered 40% of the total surface of the main root.
Highlights
Peanut (Arachis hypogea L.) is a self-pollinated annual tropical legume that belongs to Papilionaceae subfamily, native to South America and valued worldwide for its high content of oil, proteins, and minerals such as iron, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, selenium, and zinc; in addition to vitamins E, B6, riboflavin, thiamine, and niacin [1,2].China is the world’s leading producer of peanuts, accounting for nearly 41.0% of the total output
Sampling was directed towards individuals with symptoms associated with genus Macrophomina; all samples were kept in plastic bags in a cooler until they were transferred to laboratory, to be processed
Areas of interaction were observed between T. harzianum (T-H3), T. asperellum (T-AS1), T. hamatum (T-A12), T. koningiopsis (T-K11), and the native strain of T. harzianum (T-Ah) against M. phaseolina (MW585378), where parasitism greater than 50% was obtained at Development rate and the growth speed had significant differences (p ≤ 0.05), where
Summary
Peanut (Arachis hypogea L.) is a self-pollinated annual tropical legume that belongs to Papilionaceae subfamily, native to South America and valued worldwide for its high content of oil, proteins, and minerals such as iron, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, selenium, and zinc; in addition to vitamins E, B6, riboflavin, thiamine, and niacin [1,2]. China is the world’s leading producer of peanuts, accounting for nearly 41.0% of the total output. In 2019, China was the biggest peanut producer with a production of 17.5 million metric tons. Nigeria, and the United States followed with about 6.8, 3.0, and. 2.5 million metric tons, respectively [3]. The cultivated area in Mexico is currently 47,532 ha with a production of 81,413 tons in 2019 [4]. State of Puebla ranks third in national production with 9.31 tons [5]
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