BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF GROWTH AND FRUITING OF INTERSPECIFIC FORMS OF THE GENUS MALUS IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE SOUTHERN REGION OF RUSSIA

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The results of a long-term assessment of the characteristics of growth, development and fruiting of 30 grades and forms of apple trees of domestic and foreign selection in the southern region of Russia are presented. The purpose of the research is to identify the most valuable traits in terms of a complex of traits for further use in the breeding process on the basis of studying the biological characteristics of the growth and fruiting of interspecific forms of the genus Malus in the southern region of Russia. Used generally accepted and modern, developed with the participation of employees of the FSBSI NCFSCHVW breeding programs and methods. To group the interspecific forms of the genus Malus according to the size of the fruit, a gradation was used according to the UPOV method. Based on the results of many years of research (2014–2020), lowgrowing apple genotypes were identified: Fairy, Krasno-polosatoe, Gertrude, Nikita, etc. with a tree height of 1.9–2.5 m. It was found that the variation in the grades ranged from 0.50 to 4.15 m 2 ; in the group of grades with tree growth vigor below average, the most significant variation was noted — from 1.33 to 4.15 m 2 . Genotypes with a small crown volume: Krasno-polosatoe, Fairy, Spartak, X1–48–49, form 68–69, 29–4–182, Ketny (from 0.24 to 0.72 m 3 ) were identified in the group of low-growing grades. A significant variation in the weight of the fruit in the studied genotypes of the apple tree was revealed — from extremely small ones: Spartak (average fruit weight — 8.4 g, maximum — 11.9 g) and Florking (average weight — 9.6 g, maximum — 12.4 g) to below average — Raspberry Chinese (average fruit weight — 70.5 g, maximum — 88.7 g). The following grades are distinguished: Ketny, Fairy, Rozovi zakat, Krasno-polosatoe and apple-tree shapes: 68–69, X1–48–49, 29–4–182, combining moderate tree growth, small crown volume (0.24–0.97 m 3 ) and high rates of crown productivity UPK (specific crown productivity) — from 5.41 to 13.52 kg/m2; UPOK (specific productivity of crown volume) — from 8.09 to 25.29 kg/m 3 ), promising in breeding for a complex of significant traits.