Abstract
The fungitoxicity of five Malagasy essential oils (Eos) against Colletotrichum asianum was assessed in terms of conidial germination and mycelial growth. Their effect on defense-related compounds content, physicochemical properties and anthracnose lesions in mango fruits was also determined. Four of the tested Eos were from Ravensara aromatica leaves, and the last Eo was extracted from clove leaves. Their chemical compositions were then determined through GC-MS analysis and the active compound of the most fungitoxic Eo was determined by testing the toxicity of its major component to C. asianums spore germination, mycelial growth and its ability to inhibit anthracnose development on mango fruits. The R. aromatica Eos tested were fungistatic to C. asianum, whereas clove Eo was fungitoxic and the 4 chemotypes of R. aromatica Eo exhibited variable inhibiting capabilities: 1) all tested doses of all Eos (112.5 and 225 μL/L of air) were effective against C. asianum mycelial growth (10% - 100% inhibition) but doses of 225 μL/L were more inhibitory than those of 112.5 μL/L, 2) Conidial germination was more resistant to Eos toxicity since only 225 μL/L of methyl eugenol chemotype of R. aromatica Eo, all tested doses of the sabinene chemotype of R. aromatica Eo and clove Eo were found inhibitory toward conidial germination of C. asianum. 30 μL/L of sprayed clove Eoweretested on inoculated mangoes and were found to be effective against anthracnose development without affecting the resorcinol content in mango peel and the physicochemical properties of mango pulp. Tests on the major components of clove Eo showed fungitoxic activities against mycelial growth and conidial germination of C. asianum similar to those of clove Eo.
Highlights
Mango fruits are commercialized worldwide for their sensorial and nutritive qualities, antioxidant and dietary properties [1] [2]
Their chemical compositions were determined through GC-MS analysis and the active compound of the most fungitoxic Essential oils (Eos) was determined by testing the toxicity of its major component to C. asianums spore germination, mycelial growth and its ability to inhibit anthracnose development on mango fruits
Five Eos extracted by hydrodistillation from fresh leaves in Madagascar were used in this study: one clove (Syzygium aromaticum L.) Eo and four chemotypes of Ravensara aromatica Sonnerat Eos: methyl chavicol (Type MC), methyl eugenol (Type ME), limonene (Type L) and sabinene chemotypes (Type S)
Summary
Mango fruits are commercialized worldwide for their sensorial and nutritive qualities, antioxidant and dietary properties [1] [2]. Postharvest anthracnose is a disease caused by phytopathogenic fungi included in the Colletotrichum genera that reduces mango fruit marketability, storability and nutritional value [6]. Current treatments combine one to multiple methods to overcome postharvest loss caused by phytopathogenic fungi: copper sprays can be applied at the preharvest stage, hot water treatment that is for use before storage; carbendazim treatment is used during storage, whereas prochloraz and benomyl are used as postharvest treatments [7]. Most of these treatments are of a chemical nature. There is a need for an eco-friendly and biological alternative product that can be used during mango storage to prevent anthracnose incidence and postharvest loss
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