Biological Activity and Antibiofilm Molecular Profile of Citrus aurantium Essential Oil and Its Application in a Food Model.

Miroslava Kačániová,Veronika Valková,Nenad Vukovic,Simona Kunová,Petra Borotová,Jana Štefániková,Lucia Galovičová,Eva Tvrdá,Jana Žiarovská,Przemysław Łukasz Kowalczewski,Soňa Felšöciová,Renáta Benda Prokeinová,Eva Ivanišová,Margarita Terentjeva

doi:10.3390/molecules25173956

Abstract

The main aim of the study was to investigate the chemical composition, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antibiofilm activity of Citrus aurantium essential oil (CAEO). The biofilm profile of Stenotrophonomonas maltophilia and Bacillus subtilis were assessed using the mass spectrometry MALDI-TOF MS Biotyper and the antibiofilm activity of Citrus aurantium (CAEO) was studied on wood and glass surfaces. A semi-quantitative composition using a modified version was applied for the CAEO characterization. The antioxidant activity of CAEO was determined using the DPPH method. The antimicrobial activity was analyzed by disc diffusion for two biofilm producing bacteria, while the vapor phase was used for three penicillia. The antibiofilm activity was observed with the agar microdilution method. The molecular differences of biofilm formation on different days were analyzed, and the genetic similarity was studied with dendrograms constructed from MSP spectra to illustrate the grouping profiles of S. maltophilia and B. subtilis. A differentiated branch was obtained for early growth variants of S. maltophilia for planktonic cells and all experimental groups. The time span can be reported for the grouping pattern of B. subtilis preferentially when comparing to the media matrix, but without clear differences among variants. Furthermore, the minimum inhibitory doses of the CAEO were investigated against microscopic fungi. The results showed that CAEO was most active against Penicillium crustosum, in the vapor phase, on bread and carrot in situ.

Highlights

Citrus aurantium L. (Rutaceae) or bitter orange is used in the food industry, but it is well-known for its application in the treatment of anxiety [1], lung, and prostate cancers [2], gastrointestinal diseases and obesity [3,4]
Substantial research has been focused on the chemical composition of essential oils prepared from various parts of Citrus aurantium growing in Pakistan [16], Brazil [17,18], Morocco [19], Iran [20,21], Croatia [22], northern Tunisia [23], India [24], and Algeria [25,26]
The results were confirmed by the protein spectrum analysis, cluster similarity analysis, and the antibiofilm activity of the essential oil

Summary

Introduction

Citrus aurantium L. (Rutaceae) or bitter orange is used in the food industry, but it is well-known for its application in the treatment of anxiety [1], lung, and prostate cancers [2], gastrointestinal diseases and obesity [3,4]. Fruits of C. aurantium are a source of flavonoid-type compounds with diverse biological effects [7,8,9]. Previous studies were focused on antimicrobial and health-promoting activities of different parts of C. aurantium, such as fruits and flowers, as well as essential oils obtained thereof [13,14,15]. Substantial research has been focused on the chemical composition of essential oils prepared from various parts of Citrus aurantium growing in Pakistan [16], Brazil [17,18], Morocco [19], Iran [20,21], Croatia [22], northern Tunisia [23], India [24], and Algeria [25,26].

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