Abstract
The hypothesis of this study was that we can modify the essential oil (EO) profile of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) and obtain fractions with differential composition and antimicrobial activity. Therefore, the objective was to evaluate the effects of grinding of hemp biomass before EO extraction and fractionation during distillation on EO profile and antimicrobial activity. The study generated a several EO fractions with a diversity of chemical profile and antimicrobial activity. The highest concentrations of β-pinene and myrcene in the EO can be obtained in the 5–10 min distillation time (DT) of ground material or in the 80–120 min DT of nonground material. High δ-3-carene and limonene EO can be obtained from 0–5 min DT fraction of nonground material. High eucalyptol EO can be sampled either in the 0–5 min DT of the ground material or in the 80–120 min of nonground material. Overall, the highest concentrations of β-caryophyllene, α-(E)-bergamotene, (Z)-β-farnesene, α-humulene, caryophyllenyl alcohol, germacrene D-4-ol, spathulenol, caryophyllene oxide, humulene epoxide 2, β-bisabolol, α-bisabolol, sesquiterpenes, and cannabidiol (CBD) can be obtained when EO is sampled in the 80–120 min DT and the material is nonground. Monoterpenes in the hemp EO can be increased twofold to 85% by grinding the material prior to distillation and collecting the EO in the first 10 min. However, grinding resulted in a slight but significant decrease in the CBD concentration of the EO. CBD-rich oil can be produced by collecting at 120–180 min DT. Different EO fractions had differential antimicrobial activity. The highest antimicrobial activity of EO fraction was found against Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus. THC-free EO can be obtained if the EO distillation is limited to 120 min. The results can be utilized by the hemp processing industry and by companies developing new hemp EO-infused products, including perfumery, cosmetics, dietary supplements, food, and pharmaceutical industries.
Highlights
Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) has been and continues to be a controversial crop, it is one of the oldest crops utilized by humans [1,2]
Eighty-nine (89) constituents were identified in the hemp essential oil (EO), belonging to monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes and cannabinoids, not all constituents were found in all of the distillation timeframe (DT) fractions (Supplementary Tables S2 and S3)
This study showed that THC-free EO can be obtained if the EO distillation is limited to 120 min
Summary
Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) has been and continues to be a controversial crop, it is one of the oldest crops utilized by humans [1,2]. Other major cannabinoids include cannabinolic acid (CBNA), cannabigerolic acid (CBGA), cannabichromenic acid (CBCA) and cannabinodiolic acid (CBNDA) [13,14]. All these chemicals are found in industrial hemp (with legal requirement of THC content < 0.3%). The concentration of these natural products varies depending on plant genotype (cultivar, variety), the plant growth stage, growth conditions and fertilization, and plant part [13,15,16] and on the postharvest heating treatment [17]
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