Abstract
The therapeutic potential of whitish glaucous sub-shrub Haloxylon griffithii (H. griffithii), abundantly present in southern regions of South Asia, has been neglected. The current study aimed to assess the phytochemicals and pharmacological potential of native and gemm forms of H. griffithii. Results of antimicrobial activity revealed that all tested bacteria were susceptible at concentrations ≤50 µg/mL, while tested fungal species were susceptible at ≤25 µg/mL. The values of minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) ranged between 10.75 ± 0.20 to 44.25 ± 0.42 µg/mL, 8.25 ± 0.02 to 28.20 ± 0.80 µg/mL. The value of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of all microbial species was ≤100 µg/mL and the antibiotic mechanism showed that both extracts were highly bactericidal and fungicidal. Results of average log reduction of viable cell count in time kill assay indicated that Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) NCTC 1662, Candida albicans (C. albicans) IBL-01, Candida krusei (C. krusei) ATCC 6258, and Aspergillus flavus (A. flavus) QC 6158 were the most susceptible microbial species. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-based quantification confirmed the presence of gallic acid p.coumeric acid catechin, vanillin, ellagic acid, and salicylic acid, while in native extract only gallic acid. Native and gemm extracts exhibited excellent radical scavenging potential measured by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl radical scavenging assay. Significant thrombolytic activity was found in both extracts with negligible haemolytic activity. Highest percent (%) clot lysis was observed with gemm extracts (87.9 ± 0.85% clot lysis). In summary, we infer that valuable evidence congregated can be exploited for better understanding of gemm H. griffithii’s health benefits, further, to increase its utility with enriching dietary sources of health-promoting compounds.
Highlights
Antibiotic resistance explicates pharmacological therapy and epidemiology of contagious diseases in medical jargon; the escalating trend of antimicrobial resistance is a rising apprehension of modern pharmaceutical arena [1]
Both fresh growing parts of Haloxylon griffithii and mature parts of H. griffithii were used. Both plant materials were washed thoroughly with distilled water to remove dust and other inessential materials. Both clean materials of H. griffithii were shadow parched under room temperature for two to three weeks continuously and mature plant material was crushed in an electric pulveriser to obtain a fine concentrate while the immature plant was saved for gemm formulation
Results indicated that maximum extract yields for both gemm and native extracts, 18.65 ± 1.85, 22.12 ± 0.50 and 18.65 ± 0.20, 22.12 ± 0.85% (w/w), were obtained in E-Dw and E solvents while minimum extract yields 2.5 ± 0.40, 1.16 ± 0.25 and
Summary
Antibiotic resistance explicates pharmacological therapy and epidemiology of contagious diseases in medical jargon; the escalating trend of antimicrobial resistance is a rising apprehension of modern pharmaceutical arena [1]. Plants, being rich in numerous pharmacologically active compounds, are the natural blueprints to overcome amplified global health challenges. Around 70% of modern pharmaceutical products are made up of plants or their active ingredients due to their supreme chemical diversity [7]. Gemmotherapy is a super active type of herbal medicine consisting of many important enzymes and vitamins that are liberated at the time of high growth [8,9]. No gemm formulation of H. griffithii has yet been commenced, some gemm formulations have been explored as part of herbal medicines for homeo treatments. H. griffithii is one of the anti-infective agents that is reported to be used as a cure for diabetes, eye-disorders, and act as an anti-inflammatory and antiseptic agent [11]
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