Abstract
Simple SummaryFew studies have investigated a relationship between t9,c12,c15-C18:3 and ALA, an α-Linolenic acid c9,c12,c15-C18:3 in the rumen. These results indicated that t9,c12,c15-C18:3 was an intermediate of the α-linolenic acid shifted rumen biohydrogenation pathway. This study hypothesized a pathway for α-linolenic acid biohydrogenation in rumen.The t9,c12,c15-C18:3 as an isomer of α-linolenic acid (c9,c12,c15-C18:3; ALA), has been recently detected in milk, but has not been found in the rumen. This study hypothesized that it may be a biohydrogenation product of ALA in rumen and aimed to explore whether it was present in the rumen and help to understand the rumen biohydrogenation mechanisms of ALA. The in vitro experiment included two treatments, a control check (CK group) with 50 µL ethanol added, and ALA group with 50 µL ethanol and 2.6 mg ALA (ALA addition calculated by 1.30% of dry matter base of diet); each sample of fermentation fluid had the composition of C18 fatty acids analyzed at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 h. The results showed that no t9,c12,c15-C18:3 was detected in the CK group, but ALA addition increased the concentration of t9,c12,c15-C18:3 in fermentation fluid. The content of t9,c12,c15-C18:3 peaked 1 h after fermentation, then declined gradually. At 1 h, no t9c12c15-C18:3 was detected in the fermentation fluid of the CK treatment. The results suggested that ALA converted to the isomer t9,c12,c15-C18:3 through biohydrogenation in the rumen. The addition of ALA can also increase the concentration of t9,c12-C18:2, c9,t11-C18:2, c12-C18:1, t11-C18:1, t9-C18:1, and c6-C18:1 in fermentation fluid. It was concluded using an in vitro experiment that t9,c12,c15-C18:3 was a product of rumen biohydrogenation of ALA.
Highlights
The supplementation of α-linolenic acid (c9,c12,c15-C18:3; ALA) in the ruminant diet can increase the concentration of ALA and longer chain ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) in milk [1], which are essential fatty acids for humans
ALA biohydrogenation in the rumen is the main limiting factor influencing the efficiency of dietary ALA transport into milk
Eighty fermentation bottles were separated into two groups as a control (CK group), with 50 μL ethanol added and ALA group with 50 μL ethanol and 2.6 mg ALA (ALA addition calculated by 1.30% of dry matter base of diet)
Summary
The supplementation of α-linolenic acid (c9,c12,c15-C18:3; ALA) in the ruminant diet can increase the concentration of ALA and longer chain ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) in milk [1], which are essential fatty acids for humans. Exploring the pathways of ALA biohydrogenation in rumen could help regulate milk ALA and n-3 PUFA. Few studies have reported that the isomerization of ALA could happen in an in-situ position such as t9,c12,c15-C18:3 with c9 to t9 in the rumen. The in situ isomerization of ALA has been reported in the processing of food. A previous study reported that ALA could isomerize to t9,c12,c15-C18:3 through frying [5]. It can be hypothesized that ALA may convert to t9,c12,c15-C18:3 through biohydrogenation in rumen. The purpose of this experiment was to explore whether there was t9,c12,c15-C18:3 in rumen fluid using an in vitro fermentation test and to investigate the relationship between t9,c12,c15-C18:3 and ALA. The t9,c12,c15-C18:3 identified in this study may provide a theoretical basis for the exploration of rumen biohydrogenation
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