Abstract
Biosynthesis is an eloquent, safe, biocompatible, eco-friendly, and recyclable way of preparing selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs). Selenium occurs in multiple oxidation states, for example, +6, +4, 0, or −2. Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element with a very narrow margin between the lowest acceptable levels of intake and toxicity. Selenium is an essential trace element required for all living organisms. Despite its essentiality, selenium is a potentially toxic element to natural ecosystems due to its bioaccumulation potential that is why it is biologically available in the environment. Selenium is a trace element commonly found in materials of the earth’s crust, and it is essential for humans, animals, and plants. Oxyanions of selenium, that is selenite and selenate, are biologically available. Selenium in the form of selenate ion (SeO42−) is more toxic to most organisms than selenite (SeO32−). Contrarily, elemental selenium (Se0) is inOsoluble and less toxic in comparison to other forms of selenium. Nanoselenium (Se0) in the range of 100–500 nm has similar bioavailability to other forms of selenium into plants, animals, humans, and microorganisms. Biologically synthesized SeNP has many biological applications in the field of medical and pharmaceutical research to combat threats to human health. Biogenic SeNPs have anticancer (cytotoxic) activity, antioxidant activity, and antimicrobial activity. Researches are going on with special interest of SeNPs. Conjugation of antibiotics with SeNPs enhances their anticancer efficacy. SeNPs have also applications in nanobiosensors and environmental remediation.
Highlights
Selenium was first discovered in 1817 in the form of precipitate which is red in color, as an elemental form of selenium
The bacterial strain CM100B was harvested from coalmine soil, by the enrichment of the soil sample for 1 week with sodium selenite (0.5 mM) followed by the dilution plating method on tryptic soy agar (TSA) medium mixed with 0.5 mM sodium selenite
selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) are synthesized by various methods such as chemical, physical, and biological
Summary
Selenium was first discovered in 1817 in the form of precipitate which is red in color, as an elemental form of selenium. Advanced science and nanotechnology have provided the development of new methods for the preparation of pure selenium as selenium NP (SeNP) They provide noteworthy potential for technological applications in the fields of medicines, diagnostics, therapeutics, toxicology, electronics, catalysis, etc. Elemental selenium is getting special attention toward the different scientific research instead of its counterparts (sodium selenates and sodium selenites). The properties, size, and morphology of NPs are controlled by changing the incubation temperature, pH, reaction time, metal ion concentrations, and the amount of organic material. This is why; selenium is of great interest to a researcher. The synthesized NPs are often separated from the liquid sols by a high-speed centrifuge [35]
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