Abstract
Nanotechnology plays a big part in our modern daily lives, ranging from the biomedical sector to the energy sector. There are different physicochemical and biological methods to synthesise nanoparticles towards multiple applications. Biogenic production of nanoparticles through the utilisation of microorganisms provides great advantages over other techniques and is increasingly being explored. This review examines the process of the biogenic synthesis of nanoparticles mediated by microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi and algae, and their applications. Microorganisms offer a disparate environment for nanoparticle synthesis. Optimum production and minimum time to obtain the desired size and shape, to improve the stability of nanoparticles and to optimise specific microorganisms for specific applications are the challenges to address, however. Numerous applications of biogenic nanoparticles in medicine, environment, drug delivery and biochemical sensors are discussed.
Highlights
Studies have shown that nanobubbles found numerous applications relating to cancer therapy, drug delivery and other biomedcontaining gold nanoparticles can be targeted to a tumorous area and burst ical applications such as antibacterial [32]
Great progress has been made in the field of nanoparticle development by microorganisms and their applications
Studies have shown that nanoparticles synthesised by microorganisms are less stable compared to those prepared through chemical methods [124]
Summary
The advent of nanotechnology in the 1960s commenced a new era of materials science. The field has brought together many academic disciplines such as biology, chemistry, materials engineering, medicine and physics, with the aim of developing materials at the nanoscale. The synthesis of nanoparticles is of great importance because of the unique properties they exhibit including electronic, magnetic, physiochemical features including control of size, increased surface area to volume ratio and functionalities [2]. (ii) particle size changes to modify bandgap energies and (iii) large surface to volume ratio [3] These unique properties of nanoparticles, including biological, chemical, electrical, magnetic, optical and physical properties [4], differ greatly from the same materials in their bulk form. Nanomaterials offer enhanced Raman and Rayleigh scattering properties in metal NPs (such as gold and silver), supermagnetic properties in magnetic materials and a quantum effect in semiconductors [5] Such NPs form the generation building blocks for biomedical [6], chemical, electronic and optical applications [7]. This article reviews the recent advances in biogenic synthesis of a range of nanoparticles using different microorganisms, their characterisation techniques and some exemplar applications
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