Abstract
We report results of the studies relating to the development of an efficient biosensor for non-invasive detection of CYFRA-21-1 cancer biomarker. We used a low dielectric constant material (nanostructured yttrium oxide, nY2O3) for the fabrication of the biosensing platform. The nY2O3 was synthesized via solvothermal process and functionalized using 3-aminopropyl triethoxy silane (APTES). Electrophoretic deposition (EPD) of the functionalized nanomaterial (APTES/nY2O3) onto an indium tin oxide (ITO)-coated glass electrode was conducted at a DC potential of 50 V for 60 s. The EDC-NHS chemistry was used for covalent immobilization of −COOH bearing monoclonal anti-CYFRA-21-1 onto −NH2 groups of APTES/nY2O3/ITO electrode. To avoid the non-specific interaction on the anti-CYFRA-21-1/APTES/nY2O3/ITO immunoelectrode, bovine serum albumin (BSA) was used. X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) were utilized for structural and morphological studies, whereas Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used for the bonding analysis. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques were used for electrochemical characterization and response studies of fabricated electrodes. The fabricated immunosensor (BSA/anti-CYFRA-21-1/APTES/nY2O3/ITO) exhibited linearity in the range of 0.01–50 ng·mL−1, sensitivity of 226.0 Ω·mL·ng−1, and lower detection limit of 0.01·ng·mL−1. A reasonable correlation was observed between the results obtained using this biosensor and concentration of CYFRA-21-1 measured through ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) technique in salivary samples of oral cancer patients.
Highlights
Cancer is an abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth [1,2]
We report results of the systematic studies relating to the development of a low dielectric material-based electrochemical impedometric biosensor for detection of the salivary CYFRA-21-1 biomarker for Oral cancer (OC) detection
Where Ip represents the peak current; A is the surface area of the electrode; ν is the scan rate (V/s); γ is the surface concentration of the absorbed electro-active species; F is the Faraday constant; R is the gas constant; and T is room temperature.The number of antibodies immobilized onto the fabricated immunoelectrode was found to be 5.91 × 10−8 mol/cm2, which was higher as compared to the reported biosensing platforms for CYFRA-21-1 detection [16]
Summary
Cancer is an abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth [1,2]. According to a WHO report, cancer is currently the secondmost death-causing disease worldwide and about 8.8 million deaths were reported in 2015 due to cancer [3]. The nanostructured oxides of metals (e.g., magnesium oxide, zinc oxide, molybdenum trioxide, hafnia, titania, zirconia, etc.) have been found to have fascinating nano-morphological, functional, biocompatible, and electrochemical properties, and enhanced electron-transfer kinetics [19,27,28,29,30,31,32,33] Among these NMOs, the nano-sized yttrium oxide (Yattria, nY2O3) exhibits high surface-to-volume ratio, fast oxygen ion mobility, efficient charge transfer ability, chemical inertness, sharp line emission bands, and biocompatibility [34,35,36]. We report results of the systematic studies relating to the development of a low dielectric material (nY2O3)-based electrochemical impedometric biosensor for detection of the salivary CYFRA-21-1 biomarker for OC detection. This immunosensor (BSA/anti-CYFRA-21-1/APTES/nY2O3/ITO) exhibits higher linear range (0.01–50 ng·mL−1) with remarkable sensitivity (226.0 Ω·mL·ng−1)
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