Biofunctional Extracellular Matrix-Polycaprolactone-Hydroxyapatite Scaffold and Synovium Mesenchymal Stem Cells/Chondrocytes for Repairing Cartilage Defects.

Abstract

Articular cartilage defects and degeneration can be caused by multiple factors, and the current clinical treatment schemes for pathological changes are relatively limited. Engineered cartilage tissue represents an alternative therapy for repairing cartilage defects in regenerative medicine. The scaffold material is considered the framework of tissue engineering; thus, scaffold material selection plays a crucial role in the therapy outcome. Polycaprolactone (PCL)-hydroxyapatite (HA) has been applied as a scaffold material for bone and cartilage tissue engineering with nontoxic, harmless metabolites and proper physical properties. The extracellular matrix (ECM) is mainly composed of collagen and proteoglycan, as well as a large number of growth factors and cytokines, which provide a tissue-specific microenvironment for host cells. Adipose-derived stem cells are pluripotent stem cells, and transforming growth factor-β3 (TGF-β3) enables mesenchymal stem cells to promote ECM production. This study, via in vitro and in vivo experiments, elucidated that the synovium mesenchymal stem cells (SMSCs) + chondrocytes + ECM-PCL-HA repair system, which is constructed upon the ECM-PCL-HA scaffold material, exhibits an adequate chondrogenic ability and reparatory effect. Overall, ECM-PCL-HA can be defined as a biofunctional scaffold material. The SMSCs + chondrocytes + ECM-PCL-HA repair system showed good confluency between the new cartilage and the surface, as well as the interface of the adjacent host cartilage. Furthermore, the structure of new cartilage tissue is consistent with adjacency. Thus, it can be used as a preferred plan for articular cartilage defect repair. Impact statement Studies investigating the chondrogenic ability and reparatory effect of the synovium mesenchymal stem cells (SMSCs) + chondrocytes + extracellular matrix (ECM)-polycaprolactone (PCL)-hydroxyapatite (HA) repair system provided a theoretical and practical basis for choosing ECM-PCL-HA as the scaffold material for cartilage tissue engineering. In this study, the transforming growth factor-β3 (TGF-β3) gene was introduced into adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) using a lentiviral vector to enhance ECM production. The decellularized ADSCs-ECM-PCL-HA acted as a biofunctional scaffold material with suitable physicochemical properties, which was advantageous for SMSC and chondrocyte adhesion and growth. Lastly, the SMSCs + chondrocytes + ECM-PCL-HA repair system showed excellent capability in the flush fusion state of the prosthetic surface and interface.