Abstract
Burkholderia are intracellular pathogenic bacteria which can produce biofilm. This biofilm protects the intracellular pathogenic bacteria from antibiotic treatment and the immunological system of the host. Therefore, this review aims to describe the capacity of Burkholderia to form a biofilm, the regulation of its biofilm formation, the efficacy of antibiotics to eradicate biofilm, and the novel therapy which targets its biofilm. Burkholderia's biofilm is characterized by its lipopolysaccharides, exopolysaccharides (EPSs), biofilm-associated proteins, and eDNA. Its regulation is made by quorum sensing, c-di-AMP, sRNA, and two component systems. Many antibiotics have been used as sole or mixture agents; however, they are not always effective in eradicating the biofilm-forming Burkholderia. Inhibitors of quorum sensing and other non-conventional antibiotic approaches are promising to discover effective treatment of Burkholderia infections.
Highlights
Burkholderia is a gram-negative bacilli group and living as saprophyte primarily in soil and water [1]
The regulation of biofilm formation is controlled by a quorum-sensing system (QS), second messenger cyclic diguanosine-5′-monophosphate (c-diGMP) as a global intracellular protein expression, small RNAs, and Two Component Systems (TCSs) [27, 28]
QS is responsible for regulating the extracellular DNA (eDNA) release, biosurfactants production, and the expression of a large surface protein. c-diGMP is important in the regulation of the production of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and surface proteins. small RNAs (sRNAs) are able to regulate the production of EPS [27]
Summary
Burkholderia is a gram-negative bacilli group and living as saprophyte primarily in soil and water [1]. From 2014 - 2017, a study reported that there were increasing Melioidosis cases (145 cases) in Indonesia, with a mortality percentage that reached 43% more than the previous year [4]. The virulence factors such as hydroxytetradecanoic acid, biofilm formation, flagella expression, and ultrastructure adapt to the host tissue and probably impact it by causing Melioidosis [2]. Several novel antibiotic combination therapies for Burkholderia infections have been reported [10]. Biofilm-targeted therapies among Burkholderia have not been reported. The Burkholderia discussed in this review are the human pathogens, namely B. pseudomalei, B. mallei, and Bcc (Burkholderiacepaia complex), including B. cepacia, B. multivorans, B. cenocepacia, and B. stabilis
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