Abstract
Biofilm formation on medical devices can induce complications. Graphene oxide/silver nanoparticles (GO/AgNPs) coated nickel-titanium (NiTi) alloy has been successfully produced. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the anti-bacterial and anti-biofilm effects of a GO/AgNPs coated NiTi alloy prepared by Electrophoretic deposition (EPD). GO/AgNPs were coated on NiTi alloy using various coating times. The surface characteristics of the coated NiTi alloy substrates were investigated and its anti-biofilm and anti-bacterial effect on Streptococcus mutans biofilm were determined by measuring the biofilm mass and the number of viable cells using a crystal violet assay and colony counting assay, respectively. The results showed that although the surface roughness increased in a coating time-dependent manner, there was no positive correlation between the surface roughness and the total biofilm mass. However, increased GO/AgNPs deposition produced by the increased coating time significantly reduced the number of viable bacteria in the biofilm (p < 0.05). Therefore, the GO/AgNPs on NiTi alloy have an antibacterial effect on the S. mutans biofilm. However, the increased surface roughness does not influence total biofilm mass formation (p = 0.993). Modifying the NiTi alloy surface using GO/AgNPs can be a promising coating to reduce the consequences of biofilm formation.
Highlights
Biofilm formation on medical devices can induce complications
The results indicated that the amount of Ti and Ni detected on the coated surface decreased with increased coating time
These dead cell layers may act as a conditioning layer that can mask the Graphene oxide (GO) nanosheet edges that prevents the direct contact between other live cells and GO38. These could explain why we found no significant change in total biofilm mass formation between the experimental groups, despite that the surface roughness tended to increase in a coating time-dependent manner
Summary
Biofilm formation on medical devices can induce complications. Graphene oxide/silver nanoparticles (GO/AgNPs) coated nickel-titanium (NiTi) alloy has been successfully produced. The aim of this study was to determine the anti-bacterial and anti-biofilm effects of a GO/AgNPs coated NiTi alloy prepared by Electrophoretic deposition (EPD). Graphene-metal nanocomposites have been used in various manners, including using graphene nanosheets with gold or silver nanoparticles as heat transfer technology[11,12] In addition to their biocompatibility, metal-based (either Au or Ag) graphene has been investigated for biomedical use due. The previous studies found that a longer EPD coating time produces better mechanical surface properties, it increased surface roughness[7,8,21] which could affect the formation of a biofilm on the surface of a NiTi alloy. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of a GO/AgNPs coated NiTi alloy with different EPD coating durations on biofilm formation, including its bactericidal effect. The null hypotheses of this study were that the GO/AgNPs coating would have no bactericidal effect on the biofilm and the increased coating surface roughness would not influence biofilm mass formation
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