Abstract
Emergence of multidrug resistant pathogens is increasing globally at an alarming rate with a need to discover novel and effective methods to cope infections due to these pathogens. Green nanoparticles have gained attention to be used as efficient therapeutic agents because of their safety and reliability. In the present study, we prepared zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) from aqueous leaf extract of Acacia arabica. The nanoparticles produced were characterized through UV-Visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. In vitro antibacterial susceptibility testing against foodborne pathogens was done by agar well diffusion, growth kinetics and broth microdilution assays. Effect of ZnO NPs on biofilm formation (both qualitatively and quantitatively) and exopolysaccharide (EPS) production was also determined. Antioxidant potential of green synthesized nanoparticles was detected by DPPH radical scavenging assay. The cytotoxicity studies of nanoparticles were also performed against HeLa cell lines. The results revealed that diameter of zones of inhibition against foodborne pathogens was found to be 16–30 nm, whereas the values of MIC and MBC ranged between 31.25–62.5 μg/ml. Growth kinetics revealed nanoparticles bactericidal potential after 3 hours incubation at 2 × MIC for E. coli while for S. aureus and S. enterica reached after 2 hours of incubation at 2 × MIC, 4 × MIC, and 8 × MIC. 32.5–71.0% inhibition was observed for biofilm formation. Almost 50.6–65.1% (wet weight) and 44.6–57.8% (dry weight) of EPS production was decreased after treatment with sub-inhibitory concentrations of nanoparticles. Radical scavenging potential of nanoparticles increased in a dose dependent manner and value ranged from 19.25 to 73.15%. Whereas cytotoxicity studies revealed non-toxic nature of nanoparticles at the concentrations tested. The present study suggests that green synthesized ZnO NPs can substitute chemical drugs against antibiotic resistant foodborne pathogens.
Highlights
Foodborne diseases have emerged as the major public health concerns across the globe
Metal oxide nanoparticles have been proved as an effective strategy against antibiotic-resistant bacteria by overcoming the problems associated with the emergence of resistance
Plant extracts have been considered as promising sources to produce NPs since they are rich in antimicrobial and antioxidant compounds that can be used as reducing and capping agents during the green synthesis of NPs [31]
Summary
Foodborne diseases have emerged as the major public health concerns across the globe. As reported by World Health Organization (WHO), almost 30% population is affected by foodborne illnesses in industrialized countries annually [1]. Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella spp., and Listeria monocytogenes, are the most frequently reported foodborne pathogens from different parts of the world [2]. Since 2000, an increase in drug resistance among foodborne pathogens has been reported and Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli are among the most important pathogens exhibiting antibiotic resistance since they can do zoonotic transfer of resistant genes [3]. Development of novel and natural antibacterial agents is needed to combat emergence of multidrug resistance among commonly occurring foodborne pathogens
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