Abstract
Urethral defects originating from congenital malformations, trauma, inflammation or carcinoma still pose a great challenge to modern urology. Recent therapies have failed many times and have not provided the expected results. This negatively affects patients’ quality of life. By combining cells, bioactive molecules, and biomaterials, tissue engineering can provide promising treatment options. This review focused on scaffold systems for urethra reconstruction. We also discussed different technologies, such as electrospinning and 3D bioprinting which provide great possibility for the preparation of a hollow structure with well-defined architecture.
Highlights
Urethral defects, as a consequence of congenital malformations, trauma, inflammation or carcinoma, still pose great challenges to urology
Reference human amniotic membrane confirmed potential, concern about the lack of standardized preparation protocol, storage, and mechanical properties tubular gelatin scaffold loaded with epidermal growth factor (EGF) and MMC
Inhibitory potential of scar formation seeded bladder submucosa successful repair of a long urethral defect in a canine model unseeded bladder submucosa ability to repair short (0.5 cm) urethral defects; long defects were not repaired, increased deposition of collagen and fibrosis detected collagen scaffold loaded with better epithelization, revascularization and smooth muscle regeneration detected double-layered high-density collagen gel tubes the regenerative potential of gel tubes observed; 20% of animals developed complications silk fibroin good biodegradation properties modified silk fibroin/keratin films with oxygen-generating substance and calcium peroxide observed enhanced regenerative potential
Summary
As a consequence of congenital malformations, trauma, inflammation or carcinoma, still pose great challenges to urology. Hypospadias represents the most common birth defect of the urethra characterized by displacement of the urethral meatus, penile curvature, and less developed foreskin. Various surgical techniques are used for the management, but, generally, surgical intervention consists of several steps: penile degloving, correction of the ventral curvature, urethroplasty, glansplasty, and cosmetic skin coverage. Options for the urethroplasty include urethral plate tubularization, augmentation or replacement. Patients undergo surgery between 6 and 18 months of age. The main cause is related to iatrogenic injuries as a result of diagnostic or therapeutic procedures which the patient undergoes and are caused by a physician [3]. Short-term complications can be present as acute urine retention, urosepsis, bleeding, and acute kidney injury
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