Abstract
The main aim of the present study was to fabricate 3D scaffold based on poly (l-lactic acid) (PLLA)/Polycaprolactone (PCL) matrix polymer containing gelatin nanofibers (GNFs) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) as the scaffold for bone tissue engineering application. AuNPs were synthesized via the Turkevich method as the osteogenic factor. GNFs were fabricated by the electrospinning methods and implemented into the scaffold as the extracellular matrix mimicry structure. The prepared AuNPs and Gel nanofibers were composited by PLLA/PCL matrix polymer and converted to a 3D scaffold using thermal-induced phase separation. SEM imaging illustrated the scaffold's porous structure with a porosity range of 80–90% and a pore size range of 80 to 130 µm. The in vitro studies showed that the highest concentration of AuNPs (160 ppm) induced toxicity and 80 ppm AuNPs exhibited the highest cell proliferation. The in vivo studies showed that PCL/PLLA/Gel/80ppmAuNPs induced the highest neo-bone formation, osteocyte in lacuna woven bone formation, and angiogenesis in the defect site. In conclusion, this study showed that the prepared scaffold exhibited suitable properties for bone tissue engineering in terms of porosity, pore size, mechanical properties, biocompatibility, and osteoconduction activities.
Highlights
The main aim of the present study was to fabricate 3D scaffold based on poly (l-lactic acid) (PLLA)/ Polycaprolactone (PCL) matrix polymer containing gelatin nanofibers (GNFs) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) as the scaffold for bone tissue engineering application
We fabricated a 3D scaffold-based on PCL/PLA polymers through the thermally-induced phase separation (TIPS) method and composited the scaffold with GNFs and AuNPs
The prepared scaffolds were thoroughly characterized in terms of morphology, porosity, hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity, pore size, mechanical properties, and biocompatibility
Summary
The main aim of the present study was to fabricate 3D scaffold based on poly (l-lactic acid) (PLLA)/ Polycaprolactone (PCL) matrix polymer containing gelatin nanofibers (GNFs) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) as the scaffold for bone tissue engineering application. Seeking proper alternatives is the subject of various studies and researchers In this regard, 3D structured nanocomposites have gained a great deal of attention as the bone tissue engineering scaffold due to their remarkable properties and performance[1,2,3]. TIPS technique provides 3D structured scaffold with adjustable pore size and pore interconnectivity, which are critical for bone tissue regeneration This method allows the combination of materials with distinct structures to fabricate composite scaffolds. During the TIPS process, the homogenous polymer solution undergoes a phase separation under proper thermal situation resulting in the formation of polymer-rich and polymer-lean phases[7,8] Using this method, it is possible to fabricate bioactive and functional 3D scaffolds with a combination of bioactive and structural materials. An alternative approach is the combination of these methods to insert nanofibrous features into a 3D scaffold[3]
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