Abstract
In this article, some new aspects of unified cell bioenergetics are presented. From the perspective of unified cell bioenergetics certain subsequent stages of cancer development, from initiation stage, through transformation to metastasis, are analyzed. Here we show that after transformation, cancer cells are permanently exposed to reactive oxygen species, that causes continual random DNA mutations and as a result genome and chromosomal destabilizations. The modern cancer attractor hypothesis has been extended in explaining cancer development. Discussion is conducted in light of current cancerogenesis research, including bioenergetic cancer initiation, the somatic mutation theory and the tissue organization field theory. In the article reasons complicating the discovery of patterns of cancer genome changes and cancer evolution are presented. In addition certain cancer therapeutic aspects are given attention to.
Highlights
The unified cell bioenergetics (UCB) is an extension of integrated cell bioenergetics and allows for the interpretation of several main cell bioenergetic effects, that can occur during the metabolism of eukaryotic cells, inclusive of Pasteur’s, Crabtree, Kluyver and glucose effects (Kasperski 2008; Kasperski and Kasperska 2013)
The results presented in this article are based on unified cell bioenergetics (UCB) (Kasperski 2008; Kasperski and Kasperska 2013)
Because mitochondria are charged with NADH during the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and NADH is discharged from mitochondria in the electron transport chain (ETC), disturbances of fATP can change the amount of intramitochondrial high energy molecules (Kasperski 2008; Kasperski and Kasperska 2013)
Summary
The unified cell bioenergetics (UCB) is an extension of integrated cell bioenergetics and allows for the interpretation of several main cell bioenergetic effects, that can occur during the metabolism of eukaryotic cells, inclusive of Pasteur’s, Crabtree, Kluyver and glucose effects (Kasperski 2008; Kasperski and Kasperska 2013). According to UCB the occurrence of cellular bioenergetic effects and certain diseases are dependent on the intramitochondrial NAHD level. Mitochondria function like small intracellular factories converting compounds into energy. Places of energy production are usually a boon, but they may pose threats. Mitochondria (powerhouses of the cell) essential for life, have a negative side if damaged resulting in the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) into the rest of the cell (Wei et al 2017). A moderate ROS level may affect a number of
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