Abstract
In this study, low-quality rapeseed was used as a raw material for biodiesel fuel production. The application of such seeds with an enzyme catalyst is a green approach to producing renewable biodiesel fuel. During the in situ transesterification process, mineral diesel was selected as an extraction solvent for the simultaneous extraction and transesterification of rapeseed oil (RO). This allowed, at the end of the process, for the production of a mixture of mineral diesel and biodiesel fuel. Energy is saved using this process, as the need to extract the oil separately is eliminated and extraction and transesterification take place together in the in situ process. In this study, 11 different lipases were analyzed from which to select the most effective biocatalyst according to the chosen experimental conditions. The most suitable lipase for in situ transesterification was Lipozyme TL IM (Thermomyces lanuginosus). The impact of the temperature and duration of the reaction was investigated along with the concentration of the lipase. A ethanol-to-oil molar ratio of 5:1 was chosen. The optimal reaction conditions were as follows: a reaction duration of 7 h, a reaction temperature of 30 °C and a lipase concentration of 5% (based on oil weight). Under these conditions, 99.92% of oil was extracted from the rapeseed. The degree of oil transesterification acquired was 99.89%. A mineral diesel and rapeseed oil ethyl ester blend of 9:1 (w/w) was produced.
Highlights
Biodiesel fuel is an alternative fuel to mineral diesel fuel that contains fatty acid methyl or ethyl esters and is produced from various lipid-rich raw materials
The results showed that five lipases, two immobilized (Lipozyme RM IM and Lipozyme TL IM) and three not immobilized (Lipolase 100L, Lipozyme TL 100L and Lipex 100L), were effective for transesterification of rapeseed oil (RO) with ethanol via in situ transesterification
The in situ transesterification process was performed using a mixture of ethanol and mineral diesel and the lipase biocatalyst Lipozyme TL IM
Summary
Biodiesel fuel is an alternative fuel to mineral diesel fuel that contains fatty acid methyl or ethyl esters and is produced from various lipid-rich raw materials. These renewable sources include food-grade vegetable oils, non-edible vegetable oils, aquatic biomass (seaweeds, microalgae) and waste feedstock (e.g., residual cooking oil, animal fats and used coffee grounds). Due to increasing competition with the food industry, scientists have had to find other non-edible oil raw materials suitable for biodiesel production. Some of these raw materials, including Jatropha curcas oil [2], jojoba oil [3], Karanja oil [4], Madhuca longifolia oil [5], castor oil [6], Cynara cardunculus L
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