Abstract
Pepper seedling wilt disease is the main cause of crop yield reduction. Biocontrol agents are widely used to control plant diseases caused by pathogenic fungi and activate plant defense systems. Our preliminary work showed that Bacillus subtilis SL-44 played a significant role in the reduction of wilt disease severity on pepper plants. To evaluate biological control mechanism of B. subtilis SL-44 on wilt disease caused by Rhizoctonia solani, the activities of the related enzymes were detected in the pepper seedling with different treatment in this study. Fluorescence microscopy combined with different dyes showed that B. subtilis SL-44 induced a large amount of active oxygen and callose accumulation in pepper leaves. The defense-related enzyme activities in pepper were improved significantly when treated with B. subtilis SL-44, including peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, polyphenol oxidase, and phenylalanine ammonia lyase. The activity of chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase in B. subtilis SL-44-treated pepper was also enhanced. Furthermore, the expression level of pepper-resistance gene CaPIN II was significantly increased in B. subtilis SL-44 treatment. Besides, B. subtilis SL-44 filtrate led to the death of the pathogenic fungus by fracturing the mycelia and leaking of the cell contents. Surfactin, iturin, and fengycin were found in B. subtilis SL-44 crude extracts, which could be effective antifungal compounds against R. solani. The results suggest that B. subtilis SL-44 could not only activate induced systemic resistance of pepper seedling against wilt disease caused by R. solani by jasmonic acid-dependent signaling pathway but also produce antifungal compounds to inhibit or even damage the mycelium growth of R. solani. The findings of this study provide novel guidance in plant protection development.
Highlights
Pepper is an important cash crop with high nutritional and medicinal value (Sundaramoorthy et al, 2012)
In order to clarify the mechanism of potential activation of cell defense responses in pepper plants by SL-44, the accumulation of H2O2 in different treatments of pepper foliage was examined
Compared to the control treatment (Figure 1A), reddish-brown precipitates were obviously observed in both R. solani (Figure 1B) and SL-44 (Figure 1C) treatments, respectively
Summary
Pepper is an important cash crop with high nutritional and medicinal value (Sundaramoorthy et al, 2012). It contains various forms of vitamins (such as vitamin A, B, C, E, K), mineral substances, dietary fibers, and natural pigments that are good for human health (Mishra et al, 2017). Wilt disease caused by Rhizoctonia solani is responsible for pepper yield losses. These pathogens are controlled by chemical pesticides, which cause environmental pollution and potential drug resistance from long-time usage. Bacillus subtilis SL-44 (SL-44) has been studied with strong antifungal activity against the mycelial growth of pathogenic fungus Rhizoctonia solani. The discovery and understanding of SL-44 on the biological control mechanism of pepper have not been fully described on a molecular level
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