Abstract
Magnetic nanowires (MNWs) can have their moments reversed via several mechanisms that are controlled using the composition, length, diameter, and density of nanowires in arrays as-synthesized or as individual nanoparticles in assays or gels. This tailoring of magnetic reversal leads to unique properties that can be used as a signature for reading out the type of MNW for applications as nano-barcodes. When synthesized inside track-etched polycarbonate membranes, the resulting MNW-embedded membranes can be used as biocompatible bandaids for detection without contact or optical sighting. When etched out of the growth template, free-floating MNWs are internalized by cells at 37 °C such that cells and/or exosomes can be collected and detected. In applications of cryopreservation, MNWs can be suspended in cryopreservation agents (CPAs) for injection into the blood vessels of tissues and organs as they are vitrified to -200 °C. Using an alternating magnetic field, the MNWs can then be nanowarmed rapidly to prevent crystallization and uniformly to prevent cracking of specimens, for example, as grafts or transplants. This invited paper is a review of recent progress in the specific bioapplications of MNWs to barcodes, biocomposites, and nanowarmers.
Highlights
Collected with an external magnet [15] or read-out by similar methods as used for Magnetic nanowires (MNWs) in membranes [10]
Magnetic nanowires (MNWs), Fig. 1a, are synthesized by application of MNWs is nanowarming of cryopreserved electrochemical deposition into columnar nanopores, such as those found in track-etched polycarbonate (TEPC) or anodic aluminum oxide (AAO)
The specific applications of barcodes, biocomposites and nanowarmers will be discussed below, where it should be noted that MNWs are inside templates and/or coated with biomolecules
Summary
Collected with an external magnet [15] or read-out by similar methods as used for MNWs in membranes [10]. FORC heatmaps are sometimes only used as ‘fingerprints’ to distinguish an unknown sample [26] within a library of samples Even this decoding is limited by the measurement artifacts, eg: due to smoothing, unless some quantitative analysis is performed to attempt observations of coercivities [28]. The MNW components present in the sample can be clearly identified using these absorptions, and several frequencies can be used to increase the robustness of the decoding as shown These were 40nm diameter MNWs with lengths of ~20μm
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